After implantation of implants as foreign bodies into the jawbone, the immune and skeletal systems of the body regulate and adapt to each other, promoting bone resorption and remodeling around the implants. The imbalance of foreign body response may lead to loss of bone around the implants. This article summarizes the relevant factors that may trigger peri-implant immune response and lead to bone resorption, including peri-implant microbial infection, implant overload, poor overall condition, and biological wear of implant materials. Osteoclasts are currently the only known cells in the human body that can cause bone resorption, so their generation has been used as a clue to sort out several key pathways and factors that regulate this process, such as macrophage polarization, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) / receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) / osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. This review discusses the immune mechanism of peri-implant bone loss, providing insights for understanding the concept of osseointegration and treating peri-implant bone loss from an immune perspective.

Objective: To explore the effect of zinc‐finger protein 260 (Zfp260) on the osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) in vitro. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. The expression of Zfp260 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) when it was induced for 7 days and 14 days. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with siRNA, and the knockdown efficiency of Zfp260 and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and other osteogenic biomarkers in knockdown group and control group were measured by RT-qPCR. The change of migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by Transwell, cell scratch assay. The change of proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by CCK8 experiment. Results: The expression of Zfp260 was significantly up-regulated after inducing osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro (P<0.05). After using siRNA to knock down Zfp260, the expression of ALP and BMP2 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Transwell and cell scratch assays showed that the migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells was inhibited after knocking down Zfp260. CCK8 experiment showed that the proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells increased after knocking down Zfp260. Conclusion: Zfp260 can promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.

Objective: To investigate the effect of long intergenic non-coding RNA-EPS (lincRNA-EPS)/ microRNA (miRNA)-24-3p/ bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signal axis on enamel development in vitro. Methods: The overexpressed plasmid of lincRNA-EPS and miR-24-3p mimics were transfected into LS8 cells and their transfection efficiency was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes (AMELX, AMBN, AMTN, MMP20) and BMP2 after transfection. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of BMP2 after transfection. Independent sample t test was used for quantitative comparison between groups. Results: Fluorescence images under microscope and RT-qPCR results showed that lincRNA-EPS overexpression plasmid and miR-24-3p mimics were transfected successfully. The relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes and BMP2 as well as the protein expression of BMP2 were significantly increased after transfection with lincRNA-EPS overexpression plasmid, while the relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes and BMP2 as well as the protein expression of BMP2 were significantly decreased after transfection with miR-24-3p mimics. To a certain extent, lincRNA-EPS can inhibit the regulatory effect of miR-24-3p on BMP2, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Enamel development is regulated by lincRNA-EPS/miR-24-3p/BMP2 signal axis, and lincRNA-EPS can affect the inhibition of miR-24-3p on downstream BMP2 expression, thus promoting enamel development.

Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of p21 senescent cells in periodontal tissue and femur of diabetic mice. Methods: We constructed transgenic mice capable of tracing p21 senescent cells, used gel electrophoresis assay to screen 24 homozygous mice, and randomly divided them into control group and diabetic group, with 12 mice in each one. The control group was given a normal diet, while the diabetic group was given a high fat diet for 4 weeks, followed by streptozocin (STZ) injection to induce the diabetic model. Periodontal tissue samples were collected from mice at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks respectively. We used the tracer function of p21-3MR mice and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to investigate the spatial and temporal expression changes of p21 senescent cells and periodontal changes in inflammation levels. Results: The expression levels of p21 increase over time during the progression of diabetes, and the distribution of p21 senescent cells gradually extends from the gingiva towards the alveolar bone. Conclusion: p21 senescent cells are involved in the progression of diabetes and may play a role in the regulation of bone homeostasiss by secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, but their specific mechanisms require further investigation.

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their correlation with the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OSCC. Methods: The expression of CD74 of fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues will be detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the expression of CD74 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and patients' clinicopathological parameters, prognosis, and immune cell infiltration will be further investigated. Primary CAFs, paired normal fibroblasts (NFs), and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-OSCC patients will be extracted to compare the differences in the expression of CD74 between the two types of fibroblasts. Subsequently, these two types of fibroblasts will be co-cultured with PBMCs, and the concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-35 in the culture supernatant will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of CAFs with different CD74 expression levels on the migration of PBMCs were compared by Transwell assay and flow cytometry. Results: The number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, OSCC patients with high CD74 expression had a significantly lower 5-year overall survival rate (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical results showed that in tumor tissues with high CD74⁺ fibroblast expression, the ratio of FOXP3⁺ cells to CD4⁺ cells was significantly higher (P<0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between the number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts and FOXP3⁺ cells (r=0.439 3). In vitro experiments confirmed that the expression of CD74 in primary CAFs from OSCC tumor tissues was higher than that in the paired NFs. After co-culturing with PBMCs for 12 h, the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were significantly higher than those in the NFs group (P<0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were higher than those in the CAFs CD74 low-expression group (P<0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that CAFs with high CD74 expression had a stronger chemotactic ability toward CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: CD74⁺ fibroblasts are associated with poorer prognosis in OSCC patients, and may be involved in the recruitment of CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells.

Objective: To analyze the clinical value of preoperative blood inflammatory markers in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Methods: A total of 141 TSCC patients who underwent surgical treatment in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2017 to June 2023 were included. According to the postoperative pathological results, they were divided into cervical lymph node metastatic group and cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The index of peripheral blood inflammatory cells (neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte count values) were collected from patients before surgery, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated to analyze the value of preoperative NLR and PLR in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Results: The NLR and PLR values in cervical lymph node metastatic group were significantly higher than those in the cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The area under the curve (AUC) and optimal cutoff values for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients using NLR and PLR are 0.72, 2.24 and 0.61, 115.43, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR is an independent influencing factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Conclusion: The preoperative inflammatory marker NLR may be a potential biomarker for evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients.

Objective: To observe the application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region and its effect on labial bony plate and aesthetic effect. Methods: Seventy patients who underwent single maxillary anterior dental implant restoration in our department from September 2019 to September 2021 were selected for this study. The patients were randomly divided into control group (35 cases, immediate implantation) and observation group (35 cases, socket shield technique combined with immediate implantation) according to envelope method. The success rate, complication rate, absorption of labial bone plate, change of soft tissue height, aesthetic effect and satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: After 12 months of repair, the pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES) and satisfaction of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P<0.01), while the absorption of the labial bone plate and the change of soft tissue height were less than those of the control group (P<0.05). The success rate of the observation group was 97.14%, and the complication rate was 2.86%; the success rate of the control group was 94.29%, and the complication rate was 11.43%. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the success rate and the complication rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region can reduce the absorption amount of labial bone plate, reduce gingival atrophy, improve aesthetic effect, improve patient satisfaction, and it is safe and effective.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of jaw cystic lesions on dental pulp tissue, providing a basis for the effective preservation of the anatomical structure and function of teeth. Methods: Between August 2021 and December 2022, a total of 51 teeth with live pulp and cystic lesions affecting the roots were studied at our institution. These teeth were categorized based on the extent of cystic involvement in the root region: 27 teeth were categorized as apically involved (apical group), while 24 teeth were not apically involved (non-apical group). Preoperative and postoperative pulp vitality values were measured and subjected to t-test analysis. Additionally, 43 teeth underwent bone grafting in the surgical area (bone grafting group), whereas 8 teeth did not receive bone grafting (non-bone grafting group). Changes in pulp vitality before and 3 months after surgery were recorded and analyzed using t-tests, with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in pulp vitality changes between the apical and non-apical groups (P>0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed in pulp vitality changes between the bone grafting and non-bone grafting groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Vital pulp in teeth with apical involvement due to jaw cystic lesions can be preserved; bone grafting after jaw cyst surgery does not affect the pulp vitality of the involved teeth.

Keratin (KRT) is one of the members of the cytoskeletal protein intermediate filament family mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, which plays a significant role in maintaining the morphology of epithelial cells and intercellular connections. In addition, KRT also participates in the occurrence and development of squamous cell carcinoma by regulating epithelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor of the oral cavity which usually has a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients. In recent years, the research on KRT in OSCC has gradually increased, and this paper expounds on the biological function of keratin and its research progress in OSCC.

Abnormalifies in the number of teeth is a common oral disease, which can be manifested as excessive number of teeth (supernumerary teeth) and insufficient number of teeth (congenitally missing teeth). The two conditions can occur alone or simultaneously in the same individual. Camilleri referred to this abnormality, which has both supernumerary teeth and congenital insufficient number of teeth as comcomitant hypodontia and hyperdontia (CHH). CHH is a rare disease. At present, the etiology is not clear, and the prevalence varies greatly, with the incidence in men being higher than in women. It can be associated with multiple syndromes and other dental abnormalities. Most of the research on GHH now is based on case reports. This article reviews its etiology, clinical feature, impacts, diagnosis and treatment principles by synthesizing the relevant studies at home and abroad.

Radical surgery for oral cancer alters the primary site's morphology and physiological function, impairs patients' ability to eat and results in malnutrition, increases the likelihood of disease-related complications, lowers the tolerance for surgical treatment, and further compromises the full range of diagnostic and therapeutic effects. This study covers the nutritional management experience of oral cancer patients during the perioperative period by combining a portion of the literature review and clinical practice experience.

Oral myiasis is an infestation of the dipterous fly larva in the oral cavity. It is a rare disease because it is not easy for the fly to lay eggs in oral cavity, but it can cause pain, infection or other serious symptoms. We reported two cases of oral myiasis in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. This provided reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of malignant neoplasms that primarily occur in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lungs, with surgical intervention being the most common treatment approach. NENs originating in the oral and maxillofacial regions are relatively rare, and those originate in the parotid glands are even rarer. This paper presents a case of a primary parotid NENs complicated by distant metastases to the lungs and ribs. Surgical resection was performed, and we review relevant data and literatures, and discuss the characteristics of its diagnosis and classification.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is a type of well-defined mandibular defect or cavity change located on the lingual side of the mandible and is usually not accompanied by sensory abnormalities. Clinically, SBC cases are incidentally discovered during radiographic examinations in the course of dental treatment. As a result, the actual incidence of SBC may be higher than the reported figures. Due to the rarity of SBC and its tendency of being misdiagnosed, patients may undergo unnecessary tests, leading to increased healthcare costs, radiation exposure, and psychological burden, and in some cases, potentially delaying treatment. This article reports a case of SBC and conducts a literature review to arouse the attention and awareness of stomatologists, thereby improving the recognition and diagnostic accuracy of this condition.