Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of carbon dioxide fractional laser in early treatment of postoperative scar of primary cleft lip. Methods: A total of 24 children who had undergone primary cleft lip repair in the treatment group were treated with carbon dioxide fractional laser within three months after operation, and 24 children who had undergone primary cleft lip repair in the control group were not treated with laser after operation. Based on the subjective assessment by comparing photographs before and after the treatment and the objective assessment using Vancouver scar scale (VSS) scoring method, the scar conditions of the two groups were compared one year after laser therapy. Results: The total effective rate of the treatment group was 91.7% after the completion of the whole course of 4 treatments after 1 year, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The objective assessment results showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Carbon dioxide fractional laser is effective in the early treatment of postoperative scar of primary cleft lip, which is worthy of clinical application.

After implantation of implants as foreign bodies into the jawbone, the immune and skeletal systems of the body regulate and adapt to each other, promoting bone resorption and remodeling around the implants. The imbalance of foreign body response may lead to loss of bone around the implants. This article summarizes the relevant factors that may trigger peri-implant immune response and lead to bone resorption, including peri-implant microbial infection, implant overload, poor overall condition, and biological wear of implant materials. Osteoclasts are currently the only known cells in the human body that can cause bone resorption, so their generation has been used as a clue to sort out several key pathways and factors that regulate this process, such as macrophage polarization, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) / receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) / osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. This review discusses the immune mechanism of peri-implant bone loss, providing insights for understanding the concept of osseointegration and treating peri-implant bone loss from an immune perspective.

Decompression is a surgical method for the preservation treatment of large jaw cysts, and a cyst plug with excellent performance is a necessary condition to ensure the therapeutic effect of this method. Making drainage port through cyst plug, balancing the pressure inside and outside the cyst cavity, and washing with postoperative physiological saline can effectively reduce the volume of the cyst cavity, and reduce the risks of nerve injury, adjacent tooth and tooth germ injury and pathological fracture of jaw caused by traditional radical surgery. In this paper, the classification and application of common cyst plugs after fenestration decompression of large jaw cysts, and the application of cyst plugs combined with negative pressure suction in recent years are reviewed.

Objective: To explore the changes in condyle cartilage development and primary ciliary gene expression after changes in masticatory force.Methods: Three-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided into 3 groups, and they were fed with normal diet (ND) for 2 weeks, soft diet (SD) for 2 weeks, and fed with 1 week of soft diet than 1 week of re-normal diet (RND). After collecting the samples, safranin O-fast green staining, toluidine blue staining, Masson staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and collagen typeⅡ(COL2) immunofluorescence staining were performed to observe changes in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. Primary ciliary gene expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Compared with the ND group, the SD group has thinner condyle cartilage, less extracellular matrix, and subchondral bone structure has changed. The primary cilia gene expression (Ift88, Ift140, Ptch1, Smo, Gli1) was decreased. Compared with the SD group, the above changes recovered in the RND group. Conclusion: Changes of masticatory force during growth will affect the development of condyle cartilage and primary ciliary gene expression in mice.

Objective: To explore the effect of zinc finger protein 260 (Zfp260/ZNF260) on macrophage polarization and alveolar bone resorption due to periodontitis. Methods: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of ZNF260/Zfp260 in inflammatory periodontal tissues of human/wild-type mice. The expression of Zfp260 in RAW264.7 cells in inflammatory or non-inflammatory environments was detected by RT-qPCR. Mice with specific knockout of Zfp260 were bred, and control mice (Zfp260^f/f; Lyz2-cre^-) and conditional knockout (cKO) mice (Zfp260^f/f; Lyz2-cre⁺) periodontitis models were established respectively. Morphological changes of alveolar bone were detected by micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The polarization of RAW264.7 cells when Zfp260 was knocked down via specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) in an inflammatory environment was detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the expression of M1 and M2 macrophage-associated markers in periodontal tissues. Results: The expression of ZNF260/Zfp260 in inflammatory periodontal tissues of human/wild-type mice were significantly higher than that of healthy periodontal tissues. The expression of Zfp260 in RAW264.7 cells was significantly increased in an inflammatory environment. Alveolar bone resorption in the ligatured side of cKO mice was significantly less than that of flox/flox mice. The knockdown of Zfp260 in RAW264.7 cells could inhibit its M1 polarization in an inflammatory environment. The expression of M1-related markers in inflammatory periodontal tissues was significantly lower than that of flox/flox mice. Conclusion: Inhibition of Zfp260 in macrophage decreased M1 polarization and rescued the bone loss due to periodontitis.

Objective: To introduce the surgical technique of temporomandibular joint disc anchoring through a modified tragus incision.Methods: From February 2017 to October 2021, 264 patients (328 sides of joints) with advanced anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) admitted to our hospital were treated with temporomandibular joint disc anchorage using a modified tragus approach. The specific method was as follows: Use a modified intraauricular approach to separate the superficial temporal fascia and the deep and superficial layers of the deep temporal fascia, as well as the joint capsule, cut the joint capsule at the root of the zygomatic arch, expose the joint disc, using a Mini Mitek anchor screw to fix it at the posterior and lower pole of the condylar process, and using two Orthocor sutures for horizontal mattress suture to reposition the anterior displaced joint disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporomandibular joint was performed before and within 7 days after surgery. The facial nerve condition was observed from 1 to 7 days after surgery, follow-up MRI was performed 3 months after surgery, and the mouth opening degree was recorded at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record the relief of temporomandibular joint pain in patients at 3 months after surgery. The vancouver scar scale was used to evaluate the scar condition in the surgical area at 3 months after surgery. Results: According to the evaluation of postoperative MRI, 306 joints (249 cases) were evaluated as "excellent", 20 joints (14 cases) were evaluated as "good", and 2 joints (one case) were evaluated as "poor". The successful reduction rate was 99.39% (326/328 sides). Only one patient evaluated as "poor" after surgery, accounting for 0.61% (2/328 sides). At the 3-month follow-up after surgery, all patients showed improvement in limited mouth opening, with pain scores below 2 and scar evaluations below 3. Conclusion: Improving the concealed position of the incision inside the tragus and achieving good results in the reduction of the temporomandibular joint disc is a widely applicable surgical approach for temporomandibular joint disc anchoring.

Plunging ranulas are relatively rare cystic mass in the neck, which are mucous extravasation or retention pseudocysts from the sublingual gland, without the epithelial linings. They plunge inferiorly into the neck by extending beyond the free edge of the mylohyoid muscles or through the dehiscences of the muscles. We report a case of plunging ranula treated in our hospital, with recurrence seven months after the intraoral sublingual gland excision. The literatures associated with pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, surgical approach and recurrent causes are reviewed.

The complete resection of tumor and metastatic cervical lymph nodes are the key to the successful surgical treatment of oral cancer. However, during the operation, surgeons do not have a convenient and effective auxiliary means to evaluate the completeness of tumor eradication, in addition to relying on frozen biopsy techniques. In recent years, with the development of near-infrared fluorescence (NIF) imaging, fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) has gradually evolved, providing important real-time intraoperative assistance for surgeons, and has also been widely recognized and applied in clinical practice. The application of fluorescence imaging in the surgical treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still in its early stages. This article introduces the specific clinical application scenarios of this technology in oral cancer surgery, discusses the current challenges, and looks forward to future development, so as to provide reference for its clinical application and research.

Objective: To compare the distribution characteristics of biochemical stress on two techniques of zygomatic implant (ZI), sinus slot (SS) and extra sinus (ES), in combination with conventional implants respectively, and to provide theoretical basis for functional restoration of severe atrophic maxilla.Methods: Finite element analysis (FEA) models were constituted based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanning data of a patient. ZIs were virtually placed into models with SS or ES techniques combined with two or four conventional implants. The von Mises stress values in implants and the principal stress values in alveolar bone were analyzed. Results: The highest von Mises stress was in the configuration of 2 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with ES technique (292 MPa). The lowest von Mises stress level in ZIs was in the configuration of 4 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with the SS technique (184 MPa). The highest maximum principal stress was in the configuration of 2 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with SS technique (31 MPa). The lowest maximum principal stress was in the configuration of 4 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with ES technique (12 MPa). The lowest minimum principal stress was in the configuration of 4 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with the SS technique (|-58| MPa). The highest minimum principal stress value in bone was in the configuration of 2 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with ES technique (|-81| MPa). Conclusion: Two ZIs with the SS technique and four conventional implants may be biomechanically safer for the rehabilitation of severe atrophic maxilla.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of extraction of mandibular third molars with cystic lesions under the guidance of a dynamic navigation system (DNS).Methods: Retrospectively analyzed hospitalized patients with lower impacted mandibular third molars in Hospital of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University from December 15, 2022 to April 15, 2023. According to the inclusion criteria, seven patients with the complex mandibular third molars accompanied cystic lesions, which was tightly adjacent to the inferior alveolar canal were included. All the CT imaging data were imported into the DNS and completed the navigation design. Then the molar were extracted, and cyst was removed under the guidance of navigation. The surgical condition and postoperative recovery state were further analyzed, focusing on the symptoms of postoperative inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI). Results: All patients' wounds healed uneventfully with the application of DNS and the patients had no symptoms of IANI. Conclusion: The DNS technology determines the operation position in real time, which reduces the damage of the inferior alveolar neural canal and reduces the risk of inferior alveolar nerve damage.

Angiogenesis is one of the most important factors for the success of bone augumentation. Cortical bone decortication is considered as an essential part of bone augumentation procedure to promote angiogenesis. However, the actual role of decortication in bone augumentation is controversial derived from the present studies. This article summarizes the research results of decortication on guided bone regeneration (GBR), block bone grafting and periosteal distraction osteogenesis (PDO) through literature review, and analyzes the mechanism of decortication on bone regeneration and the reasons for the inconsistency of research results, in order to provide reference for clinicians to perform decortication in the process of bone augmentation.

Objective: To measure the labial bone thickness of mandibular anterior teeth and depth of medial lingual foramina (MLF) by cone beam CT (CBCT) and to provide data for immediate implant in the mandible anterior region. Methods: Two hundred patients aged 18 to 40 years old were selected. CBCT was used to measure the labial bone thickness at 2.0 mm (P1), 5.0 mm (P2) and 8.0 mm (P3) below the enamel-cemental junction of mandibular central incisors, mandibular lateral incisors and mandibular canines, and the distance between the MLF and the alveolar crest. The means and standard deviations were calculated, and the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 25.0. Results: At P1, the percentage of the thickness of mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors and canines less than 1.0 mm was 81.0%, 87.0% and 91.5%; at P2, the percentage of the thickness of mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors and canines less than 1.0 mm was 94.0%, 98.0% and 95.0%; at P3, the percentage of the thickness of mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors and canines less than 1.0 mm was 35.5%, 65.5% and 70.0% respectively. The labial bone thickness in male patients of mandibular central incisors at P2 and canines at P2 and P3 were thicker than that in female patients (P<0.05). The detection rate of MLF was 97.9% for male patients and 96.2% for female patients, with no significant difference (P>0.05). The closest distance between the MLF and alveolar crest was 11.4 mm. 7.2% of the distance were less than 14.0 mm, 78.4% of the distance were concentrated between14.0 mm and 24.0 mm, and 14.4% of the distance were more than 24.0 mm. The majority of MLF was 1, accounting for 72.2%, and the maximum number was 3. "Large lingual foramina" with excessive diameter was also found. Conclusion: Most of the labial bone thickness in mandible was less than 1.0 mm, and only got thickened at 8.0 mm below the enamel-cemental junction of mandibular central incisor. The MLF is generally safe for implant, but there are variations in location, number, and diameter.

The impact of mechanical force stimulation on bone metabolism is currently garnering significant scholarly interest. As scientific inquiry progresses, the focus of these studies has increasingly shifted towards a more granular level of analysis. Recent years, researchers are now examining this phenomenon from various perspectives, including the influence of differing mechanical properties, force magnitudes, frequencies, cell types, and underlying molecular mechanisms on bone metabolism. Given the intricate nature of this process, this article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in research pertaining to the modulation of bone metabolism through the alteration of mechanical stimuli or the targeting of specific cell types and receptors, in order to provide a reference for further research.

Objective: To explore the efficacy of concentrated growth factor (CGF) in promoting wound healing after extraction of mandibular impacted third molar and its influences on distal osseous defect depth (ODD) of second molar, clinical attachment level (CAL) and pain stress indexes. Methods: A total of 96 patients undergoing extraction of mandibular impacted third molar in the hospital between January and December 2022 were enrolled. According to random number table method, they were divided into research group (n=48) and control group (n=48). After extraction, control group was not given any implant, while research group was given CGF congelation. The postoperative scores of visual analogue scale (VAS), degree of facial swelling, contents of pain stress indexes [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), galactosamine (Gal), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)], ODD, CAL and postoperative quality of life [postoperative symptom severity scale (PoSSe)] were compared between the two groups. Results: At 1 d, and 3 d after surgery, VAS scores in research group were (3.72±0.56) and (2.94±0.43) points, significantly lower than those in control group [(4.81±0.61), (3.86±0.57) points; P<0.001]. After surgery, degree of facial swelling in research group was milder than that in control group [(2.79±0.64) mm vs (5.46±1.22) mm, P<0.001]. At 3 d after surgery, the levels of 5-HT, Gal and CGRP were increased in both groups, which were lower in research group than those before surgery [(2.46±0.68) ng/mL, (9.56±1.42) nmol/mL, (1.76±0.52) ng/mL vs (3.15±0.46) ng/mL, (13.19±1.08) nmol/mL, (2.89±0.44) ng/mL; P<0.001]. At 6 months after surgery, the levels of ODD and CAL were lower than those at one week after surgery in both groups, which were lower in research group than control group [(4.21±0.87), (0.48±0.12) mm vs (5.75±0.61), (0.73±0.19) mm; P<0.001]. PoSSe scores in research group were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: CGF can reduce levels of pain stress indexes after extraction of mandibular impacted third molar, relieve pain and facial swelling, and improve postoperative quality of life in patients.

Bone healing and bore regeneration are complex processes in maintaining normal bone homeostasis. Mesenchymal stem cells are main resource of osteoblasts that are responsible for bone formation. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is emerging as important regulatory role in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, in which lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) has been shown to be participated in mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation via various mechanisms, promising to be a new therapeutic target in bone metabolism and bone regeneration therapy. Herein, this article aims to review the biological functions and emerging mechanisms of SNHG involved in the mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation.

Objective: To explore the role and mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) in the repair of inferior alveolar nerve injury.Methods: To establish the model of inferior alveolar nerve injury in SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats. RNA from inferior alveolar tissue samples was collected 1, 3, 7 days after injury. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the transcription expression levels of FGF13 gene at different time points after injury. Primary trigeminal nerve cells of neonatal SD mice were extracted and divided into experimental group and control group, transfected with FGF13 overexpressed plasmid and control plasmid, respectively. 3 days after successful transfection, cell RNA was extracted to detect the gene expression level of neurotrophin by RT-qPCR. Trigeminal nerve cells were stained with Neun and βⅢ-Tubulin nerve immunofluorescence, and the axon length of nerve cells was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope. ND7/23 nerve cells were divided into overexpression group (ND7/23-FGF13) and control group (ND7/23-vector), transfected with FGF13 overexpression lentivirus and control virus, respectively. Stable transmutation strains were screened out by purinomycin, and FGF13 protein immunofluorescence staining and JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescence probe staining were performed. Extract cell RNA, then RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of mitophagy related genes. Results: The expression level of FGF13 was significantly increased at 1 day after inferior alveolar nerve injury, decreased at 3 days after injury, and decreased to an equivalent level to the control group at 7 days after injury. Compared with the control group, the expression of FGF13, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other factors increased in the experimental group. In the lentivirus overexpression group, FGF13 protein was more densely distributed in the nucleus, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased, and the expression of mitochondrial autophagy related genes was increased. Conclusion: After inferior alveolar nerve injury, the expression level of FGF13 is transiently increased, which may have potential significance for the repair process of inferior alveolar nerve. Overexpression of FGF13 in trigeminal nerve cells can promote axonal elongation of nerve cells. The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of mitochondrial function and the promotion of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Gingival amyloidosis represents the deposition of amyloid substances within the gingiva. This article reports a case of gingival amyloidosis treated at our hospital, discussing its clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, pathological features, treatment, and prognosis, with the aim of providing clinical physicians with insights and treatment guidelines for the disease.

Objective: To explore the effect of zinc‐finger protein 260 (Zfp260) on the osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) in vitro. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. The expression of Zfp260 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) when it was induced for 7 days and 14 days. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with siRNA, and the knockdown efficiency of Zfp260 and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and other osteogenic biomarkers in knockdown group and control group were measured by RT-qPCR. The change of migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by Transwell, cell scratch assay. The change of proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by CCK8 experiment. Results: The expression of Zfp260 was significantly up-regulated after inducing osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro (P<0.05). After using siRNA to knock down Zfp260, the expression of ALP and BMP2 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Transwell and cell scratch assays showed that the migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells was inhibited after knocking down Zfp260. CCK8 experiment showed that the proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells increased after knocking down Zfp260. Conclusion: Zfp260 can promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.

As a tissue engineering restorative material, hydrogel possesses outstanding biocompatibility, degradability and plasticity. Due to the lack of appropriate pore characteristics, the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of cells inside and outside the gel are limited, which seriously affect the results of tissue engineering. Therefore, the preparation of macroporous structure has become a research focus on modification of hydrogel. In this paper, the effect of pore characteristics on biological behavior of scaffolds and the prepared methods of macroporous structure in recent years are reviewed.

Objective: To examine the effects of orthognathic surgery on the condylar morphology in patients with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion and mandibular deviation, as well as the variations in condylar morphology and alterations in individuals with varying degrees of deviation. Methods: According to the value of menton deviation (MD), 20 patients with skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion and mandibular deviation were selected, and then divided into group A (mild deviation group: 4 mm≤MD<10 mm) and group B (severe deviation group: MD≥10 mm), 10 cases in each group. Condyles were three-dimensionally reconstructed in Proplan CMF using the craniofacial spiral CT data from the T1 (before surgery) and T2 (six months after surgery) periods. Condylar morphological index (MI) was derived after reading the condylar volume and surface area. Results: Condyles in group A had a decrease in volume and surface area in T2 (P<0.05) on both the deviated side (DS) and the non-deviated side (NDS). For condylar volume, surface area, and MI during the T1 and T2 periods in each group: The NDS was larger than the DS, and the bilateral difference was statistically significant as group A is smaller than group B; the values of each index in group A were higher than those in group B, and there was a statistical difference in the DS (P<0.05). There was a statistical difference in the magnitude of changes in volume and surface area between the two groups on the DS (P<0.05), and the degree of condylar change between T2 and T1 is different. Conclusion: Condylar volume and surface area were reduced after orthognathic surgery, and statistically significant differences in condylar volume and surface area reduction were more pronounced in the mildly deviated group at 6 months postoperatively on the DS. Condylar volume, surface area, and MI were less than those on the NDS, and the DS indexes were higher in individuals with mild deviation than in individuals with severe deviation. The morphological changes of condyles after surgery were related to the degree of deviation.

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their correlation with the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OSCC. Methods: The expression of CD74 of fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues will be detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the expression of CD74 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and patients' clinicopathological parameters, prognosis, and immune cell infiltration will be further investigated. Primary CAFs, paired normal fibroblasts (NFs), and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-OSCC patients will be extracted to compare the differences in the expression of CD74 between the two types of fibroblasts. Subsequently, these two types of fibroblasts will be co-cultured with PBMCs, and the concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-35 in the culture supernatant will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of CAFs with different CD74 expression levels on the migration of PBMCs were compared by Transwell assay and flow cytometry. Results: The number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, OSCC patients with high CD74 expression had a significantly lower 5-year overall survival rate (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical results showed that in tumor tissues with high CD74⁺ fibroblast expression, the ratio of FOXP3⁺ cells to CD4⁺ cells was significantly higher (P<0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between the number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts and FOXP3⁺ cells (r=0.439 3). In vitro experiments confirmed that the expression of CD74 in primary CAFs from OSCC tumor tissues was higher than that in the paired NFs. After co-culturing with PBMCs for 12 h, the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were significantly higher than those in the NFs group (P<0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were higher than those in the CAFs CD74 low-expression group (P<0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that CAFs with high CD74 expression had a stronger chemotactic ability toward CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: CD74⁺ fibroblasts are associated with poorer prognosis in OSCC patients, and may be involved in the recruitment of CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells.

Keratin (KRT) is one of the members of the cytoskeletal protein intermediate filament family mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, which plays a significant role in maintaining the morphology of epithelial cells and intercellular connections. In addition, KRT also participates in the occurrence and development of squamous cell carcinoma by regulating epithelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor of the oral cavity which usually has a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients. In recent years, the research on KRT in OSCC has gradually increased, and this paper expounds on the biological function of keratin and its research progress in OSCC.

Objective: To explore the effects of TARDNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) on mouse gingival fibroblasts (MGFs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory microenvironment. Methods: The gingival fibroblasts of wild-type C57BL/6J mice were cultured. LPS of different concentrations and treatment time were set, mRNA expression levels of related inflammatory factors were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the optimal treatment conditions were selected. The cells were stained with immunofluorescence to observe the changes of TDP-43 in MGFs under inflammatory microenvironment. TDP-43 in MGFs was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection technique, and transfection efficiency was measured. Three experimental groups were set up: Negative control group (NC group), LPS induced control group (NL group) and TDP-43 knockdown +LPS induced group (SL group). RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of some inflammatory factors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adhesion related factors. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of some inflammatory factors and adhesion related factors. Picro sirius red staining was used to investigate intracellular collagen deposition. Results: The optimal concentration of LPS stimulation was 100 ng/mL for 6 h. In the absence of LPS stimulation, TDP-43 in MGFs was basically in the nucleus, and it appears in the nucleus and the cytoplasm after LPS stimulation. The cell model with TDP-43 knockdown was successfully constructed by siRNA transfection with MGFs, and the transfection efficiency was nearly 50%. Compared with the control group (NL group), the mRNA expressions of inflammatory factors, MMPs and adhesion-related factors were significantly down-regulated in the TDP-43 down-knocked experimental group (SL group) under LPS stimulation (P<0.05). The protein expressions of some adhesion related factors and inflammatory factors were also significantly down-regulated. Collagen deposition in SL group and NL group was decreased compared with NC group (P<0.05), but there was no striking difference between the NL group and SL group (P>0.05). Conclusion: When MGFs were in the inflammatory microenvironment induced by LPS, TDP-43 showed a tendency to move from inside the nucleus to outside. TDP-43 positively regulates the expression of inflammatory factors, adhesion related factors and MMPs in the LPS-induced inflammatory microenvironment of MGFs, but has no significant effect on collagen deposition.

Objective: To analyze the clinical value of preoperative blood inflammatory markers in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Methods: A total of 141 TSCC patients who underwent surgical treatment in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2017 to June 2023 were included. According to the postoperative pathological results, they were divided into cervical lymph node metastatic group and cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The index of peripheral blood inflammatory cells (neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte count values) were collected from patients before surgery, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated to analyze the value of preoperative NLR and PLR in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Results: The NLR and PLR values in cervical lymph node metastatic group were significantly higher than those in the cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The area under the curve (AUC) and optimal cutoff values for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients using NLR and PLR are 0.72, 2.24 and 0.61, 115.43, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR is an independent influencing factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Conclusion: The preoperative inflammatory marker NLR may be a potential biomarker for evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients.

Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) is a rare and aggressive malignant odontogenic tumor, which is often misdiagnosed as benign odontogenic tumor or metastatic tumor due to the non-specific histologic appearance and benign clinical presentation. CCOC requires early diagnosis and treatment due to the metastasis tendency. This paper reports a case of mandibular CCOC, aiming to improve the understanding of the disease through its diagnosis, treatment and postoperative follow-up.

Objective: To investigate the incidence rate and clinical characteristics of supernumerary teeth in the anterior region of lower jaw. Methods: Patients who came to Suzhou Stomatological Hospital from January 2019 to October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and the occurrence of supernumerary teeth in the anterior region was observed and recorded. SPSS 24.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. The medical records of the patients with supernumerary teeth in the anterior region were reviewed and recorded. Results: A total of 75 patients with supernumerary teeth in the anterior region of lower jaw were finally included. The incidence rate of supernumerary teeth in the lower anterior region was 0.99‰ (75/75 465). Boys (31 subjects) were less than girls (44 subjects), and the difference between the genders was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Features of supernumerary teeth in this group: Mixed dentition, one supernumerary tooth, root undeveloped, unerupted supernumerary and vertical positive growth accounted for 48.00%, 92.00%, 65.43%, 65.43%, 90.12%, respectively. Supernumerary teeth resembled mandibular incisors, canines or premolars in morphology. Overcrowding of lower anterior teeth accompanied by supernumerary teeth accounted for 52.00%. The incidence of impacted adjacent permanent teeth, delayed eruption and residual deciduous teeth was 12.00%. Patients were also accompanied by supernumerary teeth in primary dentition, congenital absence of deciduous and permanent teeth, fused teeth of deciduous and permanent teeth, supernumerary teeth in other parts, and even dentigerous cyst. 35 out of 75 subjects received extraction of anterior supernumerary teeth and/or orthodontic treatment in our hospital. Conclusion: Clinically, supernumerary teeth in the lower anterior region are rare and can affect the appearance and oral function, which should be paid attention to by dentists. Patients often need multidisciplinary treatment to achieve satisfactory results.

Objective: To study the effect of Sorafenib tosylate (ST) on autophagy, proliferation and migration of CAL-27 cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: The CAL-27 cells were treated with different concentrations of ST, and their proliferation activity was detected by CCK-8 and cell clone formation assay; the effect of the CAL-27 cells migration was detected by cell wound scratch assay; the expressions of Beclin1, LC3B and PCNA were detected by western blotting. The CAL-27 cells were pretreated with the autophagy activator rapamycin, and the effects of ST on the proliferation, migration and expression of Beclin1, LC3B and PCNA in CAL-27 cells were detected after activation of autophagy. Results: Compared with the control group, ST significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of the CAL-27 cells. ST decreased the expressions of Beclin-1, PCNA and increased the expressions of the cytoplasmic form LC3Ⅰ and the lipid form LC3Ⅱ of LC3B. However, when the CAL-27 cells were pretreated with RA to activate autophagy, the inhibitory effect of ST on proliferation and migration of the CAL-27 cells were weakened, the expressions of Beclin-1 and PCNA were increased, and the expressions of the cytoplasmic form LC3Ⅰ and the lipid form LC3Ⅱ of LC3B were decreased. Conclusion: ST may inhibit the proliferation and migration of CAL-27 cells by down-regulating Beclin-1, and inhibiting autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for OSCC.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of jaw cystic lesions on dental pulp tissue, providing a basis for the effective preservation of the anatomical structure and function of teeth. Methods: Between August 2021 and December 2022, a total of 51 teeth with live pulp and cystic lesions affecting the roots were studied at our institution. These teeth were categorized based on the extent of cystic involvement in the root region: 27 teeth were categorized as apically involved (apical group), while 24 teeth were not apically involved (non-apical group). Preoperative and postoperative pulp vitality values were measured and subjected to t-test analysis. Additionally, 43 teeth underwent bone grafting in the surgical area (bone grafting group), whereas 8 teeth did not receive bone grafting (non-bone grafting group). Changes in pulp vitality before and 3 months after surgery were recorded and analyzed using t-tests, with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in pulp vitality changes between the apical and non-apical groups (P>0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed in pulp vitality changes between the bone grafting and non-bone grafting groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Vital pulp in teeth with apical involvement due to jaw cystic lesions can be preserved; bone grafting after jaw cyst surgery does not affect the pulp vitality of the involved teeth.

Radical surgery for oral cancer alters the primary site's morphology and physiological function, impairs patients' ability to eat and results in malnutrition, increases the likelihood of disease-related complications, lowers the tolerance for surgical treatment, and further compromises the full range of diagnostic and therapeutic effects. This study covers the nutritional management experience of oral cancer patients during the perioperative period by combining a portion of the literature review and clinical practice experience.

Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of p21 senescent cells in periodontal tissue and femur of diabetic mice. Methods: We constructed transgenic mice capable of tracing p21 senescent cells, used gel electrophoresis assay to screen 24 homozygous mice, and randomly divided them into control group and diabetic group, with 12 mice in each one. The control group was given a normal diet, while the diabetic group was given a high fat diet for 4 weeks, followed by streptozocin (STZ) injection to induce the diabetic model. Periodontal tissue samples were collected from mice at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks respectively. We used the tracer function of p21-3MR mice and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to investigate the spatial and temporal expression changes of p21 senescent cells and periodontal changes in inflammation levels. Results: The expression levels of p21 increase over time during the progression of diabetes, and the distribution of p21 senescent cells gradually extends from the gingiva towards the alveolar bone. Conclusion: p21 senescent cells are involved in the progression of diabetes and may play a role in the regulation of bone homeostasiss by secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, but their specific mechanisms require further investigation.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is a type of well-defined mandibular defect or cavity change located on the lingual side of the mandible and is usually not accompanied by sensory abnormalities. Clinically, SBC cases are incidentally discovered during radiographic examinations in the course of dental treatment. As a result, the actual incidence of SBC may be higher than the reported figures. Due to the rarity of SBC and its tendency of being misdiagnosed, patients may undergo unnecessary tests, leading to increased healthcare costs, radiation exposure, and psychological burden, and in some cases, potentially delaying treatment. This article reports a case of SBC and conducts a literature review to arouse the attention and awareness of stomatologists, thereby improving the recognition and diagnostic accuracy of this condition.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a metabolic disorder and a form of jaw osteonecrosis that arises from the use of bisphosphonates, anti-angiogenic drugs, and other medications in the treatment of conditions such as malignant tumor bone metastasis and osteoporosis. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) has categorized MRONJ into five stages based on clinical manifestations. Within this classification, the at-risk category encompasses asymptomatic patients who have received intravenous or oral antiresorptive therapy but show no apparent necrotic bone. Stage 0 refers to patients who exhibit no clinical evidence of necrotic bone yet present with nonspecific symptoms or clinical and radiographic findings. Presently, the diagnosis and treatment of stage 0 MRONJ still exhibit uncertainties. There is controversy regarding the effective prevention of progression from at-risk and stage 0 patients to established MRONJ. This article reviews the diagnostic approaches and current treatment status of stage 0 MRONJ, analyzes the clinical practices and research findings concerning invasive oral procedures for at-risk patients, and highlights the controversies and uncertainties within the current research field. The aim is to provide valuable insights and references for future scientific research and clinical practice.

Objective: To observe the application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region and its effect on labial bony plate and aesthetic effect. Methods: Seventy patients who underwent single maxillary anterior dental implant restoration in our department from September 2019 to September 2021 were selected for this study. The patients were randomly divided into control group (35 cases, immediate implantation) and observation group (35 cases, socket shield technique combined with immediate implantation) according to envelope method. The success rate, complication rate, absorption of labial bone plate, change of soft tissue height, aesthetic effect and satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: After 12 months of repair, the pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES) and satisfaction of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P<0.01), while the absorption of the labial bone plate and the change of soft tissue height were less than those of the control group (P<0.05). The success rate of the observation group was 97.14%, and the complication rate was 2.86%; the success rate of the control group was 94.29%, and the complication rate was 11.43%. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the success rate and the complication rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region can reduce the absorption amount of labial bone plate, reduce gingival atrophy, improve aesthetic effect, improve patient satisfaction, and it is safe and effective.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a invasive malignant tumor originating from the differentiation of peripheral nerve trunks or nerve sheaths, which is extremely rare in clinical practice. This paper reports a case of MPNST of oral, maxillofacial and neck that recently admitted to our department. Combined with relevant literature reports at home and abroad in recent years, the growth pattern, prone site, clinical manifestations, histopathological features, imaging findings, as well as the thorougency of surgical resection in treatment and prognosis were discussed. As a kind of tumor with a high degree of malignancy, the recurrence rate of MPNST is determined by the design of surgical method, the size of resection, and whether to further radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery.

Objective: To observe the methylation and protein levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) in malignant pleomorphic adenoma (MPA) tissue and its clinical significance.Methods: A total of 55 cases of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (SPA), 24 cases of MPA, and 55 cases of normal glandular tissue from patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of GPX3 protein in tissues. Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) method was used to detect the degree of GPX3 methylation in tissues. The relationship between clinical pathological features and methylation was analyzed. Human malignant pleomorphic adenoma cell line SM-AP1 was selected and transfected with GPX3 overexpression vector and empty vector, and they were divided into Vector group and OE-GPX3 group. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used to detect GPX3 mRNA and protein expression. CCK8 was used to detect cell proliferation ability. Transwell chamber was used to detect cell invasion ability. Results: The positive rate of GPX3 protein in normal glandular tissues (90.9%, 50/55) was higher than that in SPA (56.4%, 31/55) and MPA (29.2%, 7/24) (P<0.001). The proportion of GPX3 protein methylation in normal glandular tissues (7.3%, 4/55) was lower than that in SPA tissues (34.5%, 19/55) and MPA tissues (66.7%, 16/24) (P<0.001). The methylation level of GPX3 was related to TNM stage, differentiation degree, and proportion of malignant components in MPA patients (P<0.05). The positive rate of GPX3 protein was related to TNM stage and the proportion of malignant components (P<0.05). Compared with the Vector group, the OE-GPX3 group showed a statistically significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of GXP3, optical density values at 48 and 72 hours, and the number of invasive cells were decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The GPX3 gene in MPA has a high degree of methylation initiation, which is negatively related to TNM stage, differentiation, and proportion of malignant components. It has the potential to become a warning molecular indicator for diagnosing malignant pleomorphic adenoma and a gene regulatory target in clinical treatment.

Objective: To analyze the expression of apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and cell lines and its correlations with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients.Methods: The expression of ALG2 in 5 pairs of fresh OSCC tissues, paracancerous normal tissues, OSCC cell lines and human oral keratinocytes (HOK) were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression levels of ALG2 in paraffin-embedded OSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues specimens of 128 patients with OSCC were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation of ALG2 expression in OSCC tissues with the clinicopathological features and survival time of patients were analyzed. The expression of ALG2 in OSCC tissues and its diagnostic, prognostic value were detected in TCGA database. Results: The expression of ALG2 in OSCC tissues and cell lines was significantly higher than those in paracancerous tissues and HOK cells (P<0.05). The overall survival, disease free survival and progression-free survival of OSCC patients in the group with low ALG2 expression were significantly higher than those in the ALG2 high expression group (P<0.05). T stage, lymphatic metastasis, and ALG2 expression were all factors affecting the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.05). ALG2 expression was an independent predictor of the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.01). ALG2 may have some diagnostic value for OSCC [area under the curve (AUC)=0.807]. Conclusion: ALG2 is highly expressed in OSCC and it is associated with unfavorable prognosis of the patients, and it may have some diagnostic value for OSCC.

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and chitinase protein 40 (YKL-40) levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods: A total of 114 patients with OSCC admitted to our hospital from March 2017 to September 2020 were selected as the study objects (OSCC group), and 118 patients with benign tumor lesions in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Serum levels of NGAL and YKL-40 were detected by enzym-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic value of serum NGAL and YKL-40 levels in OSCC was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The prognosis of OSCC patients within 3 years after discharge was collected. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the relationship between serum NGAL and YKL-40 levels and 3-year prognosis of OSCC patients. Cox proportional risk regression model was used to analyze the risk factors affecting the 3-year prognosis of OSCC patients. Results: Serum NGAL and YKL-40 levels in OSCC group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of serum NGAL, YKL-40 and combined OSCC were 0.716, 0.744 and 0.791, respectively, and the AUC of combined diagnosis was better than that of single detection (P=0.008, 0.047). There was no significant difference in the expression levels of serum NGAL and YKL-40 in OSCC patients with different age, gender, smoking history and disease site (P>0.05). The expression levels of serum NGAL and YKL-40 in patients with TNM stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ, tumor diameter ≥3 cm and lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those in patients with TNM stageⅠ to Ⅱ, tumor diameter <3 cm and no lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). The 3-year survival rate of patients with low expression of NGAL was higher than that of patients with high expression of NGAL, and the 3-year survival rate of patients with low expression of YKL-40 was higher than that of patients with high expression of YKL-40 (P<0.05). NGAL and YKL-40 were risk factors for the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.001). Conclusion: Serum levels of NGAL and YKL-40 were elevated in OSCC patients, both of which had certain diagnostic value for OSCC and were related to the prognosis of patients.

Cephalometric analysis is indispensable for orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. With the development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology, 3D imaging is increasingly used to assess dentomaxillofacial deformity and formulate treatment plans. 3D cephalometric analysis based on multi-modal data contains more anatomical information than traditional 2D cephalometric analysis, which can be used to conduct a more comprehensive diagnosis of patients with dentomaxillofacial deformities, and has become a research hotspot. However, its application is accompanied by the problem of time-consuming and laborious. In recent years, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) can assist in the automation of landmark positioning, data collection and analysis in 3D cephalometric measurement. In this article, research status and the auxiliary application of AI in 3D cephalometric analysis were reviewed and summarized.

Oral myiasis is an infestation of the dipterous fly larva in the oral cavity. It is a rare disease because it is not easy for the fly to lay eggs in oral cavity, but it can cause pain, infection or other serious symptoms. We reported two cases of oral myiasis in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. This provided reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Objective: To report a case of segmental vertical distraction osteogenesis and dental implantation after fibula reconstruction of segmental defect of mandible in the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, PLA in August 2020. Methods: In stageⅠ, the mandibular fibula flap was cut horizontally and vertically and a built-in distractor was implanted. According to the principle of distraction osteogenesis and the bone height requirements for implantation, the fibula segmental vertical distraction treatment was completed; in stageⅡ, the distractor was removed and dental implants were installed. Results: According to the imaging examination and intraoperative findings, good bone height was obtained through fibula segmental vertical distraction osteogenesis, and the initial stability of the implant was good. Conclusion: The segmental vertical distraction osteogenesis of the fibular flap can be used as an effective technique to increase the bone height after the fibular flap reconstruction.