Objective: To observe the application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region and its effect on labial bony plate and aesthetic effect. Methods: Seventy patients who underwent single maxillary anterior dental implant restoration in our department from September 2019 to September 2021 were selected for this study. The patients were randomly divided into control group (35 cases, immediate implantation) and observation group (35 cases, socket shield technique combined with immediate implantation) according to envelope method. The success rate, complication rate, absorption of labial bone plate, change of soft tissue height, aesthetic effect and satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: After 12 months of repair, the pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES) and satisfaction of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P<0.01), while the absorption of the labial bone plate and the change of soft tissue height were less than those of the control group (P<0.05). The success rate of the observation group was 97.14%, and the complication rate was 2.86%; the success rate of the control group was 94.29%, and the complication rate was 11.43%. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the success rate and the complication rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region can reduce the absorption amount of labial bone plate, reduce gingival atrophy, improve aesthetic effect, improve patient satisfaction, and it is safe and effective.

Objective: To explore the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21) in the healing process of tooth extraction wounds in diabetic mice and the effect on migration and polarization of macrophages.Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were selected to construct a model of diabetes mellitus and the right maxillary first molar was removed. The changes of bone tissue at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after tooth extraction were observed and recorded by Micro-CT. The mRNA expression changes of p21, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) and the macrophage polarization markers in tissue samples were detected. In addition, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of p21 and CXCL14 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) stimulated by high glucose in vitro, and the cell migration experiment was used to observe the changes in the migration ability of macrophages RAW264.7. CXCL14 protein was used to stimulate macrophages for 24 h, and its effect on the polarization of macrophages was verified by RT-qPCR.Results: Compared with the control group, the healing process of the tooth extraction wound was delayed in the experimental group. The mRNA expression of p21 in tissue was significantly increased on the third day after surgery, and the mRNA expression of CXCL14 showed the same trend (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of M2 macrophage markers arginase-1 (ARG-1) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) in tooth extraction callus tissue of diabetic mice increased synchronously on the third day after surgery (P<0.01). After high glucose stimulation of hPDLFs, the mRNA expression levels of p21 and CXCL14 increased. CXCL14 can increase the migration ability of macrophages and promote the M2 phenotype transformation. The expression of CXCL14 mRNA in hPDLFs was decreased by using the p21 small molecule inhibitor UC2288.Conclusion: During the healing process of tooth extraction wounds in diabetic mice, hPDLFs with high expression of p21 can promote macrophage migration and M2 polarization by secreting CXCL14.

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their correlation with the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OSCC. Methods: The expression of CD74 of fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues will be detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the expression of CD74 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and patients' clinicopathological parameters, prognosis, and immune cell infiltration will be further investigated. Primary CAFs, paired normal fibroblasts (NFs), and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-OSCC patients will be extracted to compare the differences in the expression of CD74 between the two types of fibroblasts. Subsequently, these two types of fibroblasts will be co-cultured with PBMCs, and the concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-35 in the culture supernatant will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of CAFs with different CD74 expression levels on the migration of PBMCs were compared by Transwell assay and flow cytometry. Results: The number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, OSCC patients with high CD74 expression had a significantly lower 5-year overall survival rate (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical results showed that in tumor tissues with high CD74⁺ fibroblast expression, the ratio of FOXP3⁺ cells to CD4⁺ cells was significantly higher (P<0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between the number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts and FOXP3⁺ cells (r=0.439 3). In vitro experiments confirmed that the expression of CD74 in primary CAFs from OSCC tumor tissues was higher than that in the paired NFs. After co-culturing with PBMCs for 12 h, the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were significantly higher than those in the NFs group (P<0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were higher than those in the CAFs CD74 low-expression group (P<0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that CAFs with high CD74 expression had a stronger chemotactic ability toward CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: CD74⁺ fibroblasts are associated with poorer prognosis in OSCC patients, and may be involved in the recruitment of CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells.

Angiogenesis is one of the most important factors for the success of bone augumentation. Cortical bone decortication is considered as an essential part of bone augumentation procedure to promote angiogenesis. However, the actual role of decortication in bone augumentation is controversial derived from the present studies. This article summarizes the research results of decortication on guided bone regeneration (GBR), block bone grafting and periosteal distraction osteogenesis (PDO) through literature review, and analyzes the mechanism of decortication on bone regeneration and the reasons for the inconsistency of research results, in order to provide reference for clinicians to perform decortication in the process of bone augmentation.

After implantation of implants as foreign bodies into the jawbone, the immune and skeletal systems of the body regulate and adapt to each other, promoting bone resorption and remodeling around the implants. The imbalance of foreign body response may lead to loss of bone around the implants. This article summarizes the relevant factors that may trigger peri-implant immune response and lead to bone resorption, including peri-implant microbial infection, implant overload, poor overall condition, and biological wear of implant materials. Osteoclasts are currently the only known cells in the human body that can cause bone resorption, so their generation has been used as a clue to sort out several key pathways and factors that regulate this process, such as macrophage polarization, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) / receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) / osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. This review discusses the immune mechanism of peri-implant bone loss, providing insights for understanding the concept of osseointegration and treating peri-implant bone loss from an immune perspective.

Keratin (KRT) is one of the members of the cytoskeletal protein intermediate filament family mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, which plays a significant role in maintaining the morphology of epithelial cells and intercellular connections. In addition, KRT also participates in the occurrence and development of squamous cell carcinoma by regulating epithelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor of the oral cavity which usually has a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients. In recent years, the research on KRT in OSCC has gradually increased, and this paper expounds on the biological function of keratin and its research progress in OSCC.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a metabolic disorder and a form of jaw osteonecrosis that arises from the use of bisphosphonates, anti-angiogenic drugs, and other medications in the treatment of conditions such as malignant tumor bone metastasis and osteoporosis. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) has categorized MRONJ into five stages based on clinical manifestations. Within this classification, the at-risk category encompasses asymptomatic patients who have received intravenous or oral antiresorptive therapy but show no apparent necrotic bone. Stage 0 refers to patients who exhibit no clinical evidence of necrotic bone yet present with nonspecific symptoms or clinical and radiographic findings. Presently, the diagnosis and treatment of stage 0 MRONJ still exhibit uncertainties. There is controversy regarding the effective prevention of progression from at-risk and stage 0 patients to established MRONJ. This article reviews the diagnostic approaches and current treatment status of stage 0 MRONJ, analyzes the clinical practices and research findings concerning invasive oral procedures for at-risk patients, and highlights the controversies and uncertainties within the current research field. The aim is to provide valuable insights and references for future scientific research and clinical practice.

Cephalometric analysis is indispensable for orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. With the development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology, 3D imaging is increasingly used to assess dentomaxillofacial deformity and formulate treatment plans. 3D cephalometric analysis based on multi-modal data contains more anatomical information than traditional 2D cephalometric analysis, which can be used to conduct a more comprehensive diagnosis of patients with dentomaxillofacial deformities, and has become a research hotspot. However, its application is accompanied by the problem of time-consuming and laborious. In recent years, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) can assist in the automation of landmark positioning, data collection and analysis in 3D cephalometric measurement. In this article, research status and the auxiliary application of AI in 3D cephalometric analysis were reviewed and summarized.

Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is a combined surgical-orthodontic treatment modality primarily used to address severe maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) and dental arch constriction. SARME has undergone continuous refinement and optimization, becoming an essential therapeutic strategy in orthognathic treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the developmental trajectory of SARME, encompassing its surgical techniques, clinical efficacy, and potential complications. The review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an updated perspective on SARME's evolving paradigm and propose future research directions.

Objective: To analyze the clinical value of preoperative blood inflammatory markers in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Methods: A total of 141 TSCC patients who underwent surgical treatment in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2017 to June 2023 were included. According to the postoperative pathological results, they were divided into cervical lymph node metastatic group and cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The index of peripheral blood inflammatory cells (neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte count values) were collected from patients before surgery, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated to analyze the value of preoperative NLR and PLR in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Results: The NLR and PLR values in cervical lymph node metastatic group were significantly higher than those in the cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The area under the curve (AUC) and optimal cutoff values for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients using NLR and PLR are 0.72, 2.24 and 0.61, 115.43, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR is an independent influencing factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Conclusion: The preoperative inflammatory marker NLR may be a potential biomarker for evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is a type of well-defined mandibular defect or cavity change located on the lingual side of the mandible and is usually not accompanied by sensory abnormalities. Clinically, SBC cases are incidentally discovered during radiographic examinations in the course of dental treatment. As a result, the actual incidence of SBC may be higher than the reported figures. Due to the rarity of SBC and its tendency of being misdiagnosed, patients may undergo unnecessary tests, leading to increased healthcare costs, radiation exposure, and psychological burden, and in some cases, potentially delaying treatment. This article reports a case of SBC and conducts a literature review to arouse the attention and awareness of stomatologists, thereby improving the recognition and diagnostic accuracy of this condition.

Objective: To explore the effect of zinc‐finger protein 260 (Zfp260) on the osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) in vitro. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. The expression of Zfp260 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) when it was induced for 7 days and 14 days. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with siRNA, and the knockdown efficiency of Zfp260 and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and other osteogenic biomarkers in knockdown group and control group were measured by RT-qPCR. The change of migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by Transwell, cell scratch assay. The change of proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by CCK8 experiment. Results: The expression of Zfp260 was significantly up-regulated after inducing osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro (P<0.05). After using siRNA to knock down Zfp260, the expression of ALP and BMP2 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Transwell and cell scratch assays showed that the migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells was inhibited after knocking down Zfp260. CCK8 experiment showed that the proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells increased after knocking down Zfp260. Conclusion: Zfp260 can promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of jaw cystic lesions on dental pulp tissue, providing a basis for the effective preservation of the anatomical structure and function of teeth. Methods: Between August 2021 and December 2022, a total of 51 teeth with live pulp and cystic lesions affecting the roots were studied at our institution. These teeth were categorized based on the extent of cystic involvement in the root region: 27 teeth were categorized as apically involved (apical group), while 24 teeth were not apically involved (non-apical group). Preoperative and postoperative pulp vitality values were measured and subjected to t-test analysis. Additionally, 43 teeth underwent bone grafting in the surgical area (bone grafting group), whereas 8 teeth did not receive bone grafting (non-bone grafting group). Changes in pulp vitality before and 3 months after surgery were recorded and analyzed using t-tests, with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in pulp vitality changes between the apical and non-apical groups (P>0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed in pulp vitality changes between the bone grafting and non-bone grafting groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Vital pulp in teeth with apical involvement due to jaw cystic lesions can be preserved; bone grafting after jaw cyst surgery does not affect the pulp vitality of the involved teeth.

Objective: To explore the imaging features and clinical significance of the white blocking line appearing on the newly formed maxillary sinus floor surface after lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation.Methods: A total of 41 patients who had lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation and bone grafting were followed up for 8 to 64 months. Cone beam CT (CBCT) was used to observe the changes in the bone grafts. Systemic information (such as smoking, diabetes) and local conditions (such as sinus membrane thickening or maxillary sinus cyst) were recorded.Results: A total of 45 sinuses in 41 patients had lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation and received bone grafting. Among them, 6 sinuses in 6 patients (with an incidence rate of 13.3%) showed the imaging changes of the white blocking line on the newly formed maxillary sinus floor surface (this radiographic feature is hereinafter referred to as the "analogous bony white line", and the formed structure is hereinafter referred to as the "cortical-like structure"). The formation time of the cortical-like structure is 10 to 36 months after the operation. In 2 patients, the formation of the cortical-like structure was detected 10 months after the operation, and the thickening of the cortical-like structure was observed at 26 months and 30 months after the operation respectively.Conclusion: After lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation, in some cases, the cortical-like structure will appear on the newly formed surface of the maxillary sinus floor during the process of osseointegration, with progressive thickening over time.

Radical surgery for oral cancer alters the primary site's morphology and physiological function, impairs patients' ability to eat and results in malnutrition, increases the likelihood of disease-related complications, lowers the tolerance for surgical treatment, and further compromises the full range of diagnostic and therapeutic effects. This study covers the nutritional management experience of oral cancer patients during the perioperative period by combining a portion of the literature review and clinical practice experience.

The development, homeostasis maintenance, and damage repair of the skeletal system require continuous proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Although studies on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have accumulated substantial evidence over the past decades, the definition and markers of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) remain controversial. Recent advances in lineage tracing and bioinformatics technologies have facilitated the purification and functional investigation of SSCs. This review systematically summarizes different SSC populations based on their origins and markers, as well as their functions in skeletal development and repair.

Objective: To investigate changes in mitophagy levels in bone tissue during periodontitis in mice and to explore the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitophagy on the osteogenic differentiation capacity of mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells.Methods: A mouse periodontitis model was established using silk ligatures, and mice were divided into ligation and control groups. Micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were used to assess alveolar bone resorption. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes and mitophagy-related genes in the periodontal bone tissue. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to observe the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1) expression in the alveolar bone. For in vitro experiments, MC3T3-E1 cells were induced with LPS and divided into the control group and the LPS group. According to whether autophagy intervention was applied, MC3T3-E1 cells were further divided into the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) +LPS group, rapamycin (Rapa) +LPS group, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) +LPS group, and LPS group. Additionally, MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into the siPink1 group and the NC group based on whether Pink1 was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA). RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of mitophagy-related and osteogenesis-related genes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe mitochondria and autophagosomes. IF staining was performed to examine changes in the expression of the mitophagy-related protein Pink1. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells in each group, respectively.Results: In vivo experiments showed that the silk ligation group exhibited significantly increased buccal alveolar bone resorption. The relative expression level of the mitophagy-related protein Pink1 was elevated in the bone tissue of the ligation group, along with increased relative mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related and mitophagy-related genes. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, after 14 days of osteogenic induction, compared with the control group, the LPS group showed significantly decreased relative mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, weaker ALP staining, and smaller alizarin red staining areas. Compared with the control group, the LPS group exhibited significantly increased mRNA and protein expression levels of Pink1 and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin (Parkin) (related to mitophagy), while showing significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome 1 (P62) (related to autophagy); TEM observation revealed swollen and damaged mitochondria in the LPS group; IF staining results indicated a higher proportion of Pink1-positive cells in the LPS group compared with the control group. Compared with the DMSO+LPS group, the Rapa+LPS group displayed darker ALP staining and larger alizarin red staining areas in MC3T3-E1 cells. In contrast, the 3-MA+LPS group showed lighter ALP staining and smaller alizarin red staining areas compared with the LPS group. Compared with the NC group, the siPink1 group exhibited decreased relative mRNA expression levels of autophagy- and osteogenesis-related genes, lighter ALP staining, and smaller alizarin red staining areas.Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, LPS stimulation of MC3T3-E1 cells led to increased relative expression levels of mitophagy-related genes Pink1 and Parkin. Activation of autophagy can partially restore the osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells.

Objective: To retrospectively analyse a case of uncontrollable bleeding after supragingival scaling that occurred in May 2023 at the People's Hospital of Fengqing County, Yunnan Province. The prevention and management of uncontrollable bleeding caused by systemic factors after invasive oral procedures were discussed.Methods: A multidisciplinary consultation was conducted with the cardiology, pharmacy, and hematology-endocrinology departments. Local treatment included the application of levonordefrin tartrate and cold saline. Intravenous administration of vitamin K and tranexamic acid was also provided.Results: Hemostasis was achieved locally within 48 hours after admission. The patient's vital signs stabilized, and follow-up laboratory examinations showed no significant abnormalities.Conclusion: A thorough inquiry into the patient's medical history is essential before performing invasive oral procedures. For patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy, particularly those using multiple anticoagulants, multidisciplinary consultations can effectively guide treatment and reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding.

Abnormalifies in the number of teeth is a common oral disease, which can be manifested as excessive number of teeth (supernumerary teeth) and insufficient number of teeth (congenitally missing teeth). The two conditions can occur alone or simultaneously in the same individual. Camilleri referred to this abnormality, which has both supernumerary teeth and congenital insufficient number of teeth as comcomitant hypodontia and hyperdontia (CHH). CHH is a rare disease. At present, the etiology is not clear, and the prevalence varies greatly, with the incidence in men being higher than in women. It can be associated with multiple syndromes and other dental abnormalities. Most of the research on GHH now is based on case reports. This article reviews its etiology, clinical feature, impacts, diagnosis and treatment principles by synthesizing the relevant studies at home and abroad.

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestation, imaging features, treatment methods, and prognostic characteristics of paradental cyst (PC), providing reference and basis for clear diagnosis.Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical data of 10 patients with PC treated at the Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University between September 2016 and September 2022 was performed, including clinical manifestations, imaging features, pathological results, treatment methods and prognosis.Results: Among the 10 patients with PC, 8 were male and 2 were female, with an average age of 34.9 years. A total of nine cases occurred in the mandible (five cases involving 48 teeth, four cases involving 38 teeth); one case occurred in the maxilla, involving 18 teeth. Four cases had a partial eruption of affected teeth, while six cases had no eruption of affected teeth. Seven patients presented with symptoms such as swelling and pain, while three had no clinical symptoms. All patients underwent surgical treatment, including curettage of the lesion and extraction of relevant teeth. Follow-up for 1-5 years after surgery showed no recurrence.Conclusion: PC is a type of inflammatory root cyst that mainly occurs in the third molar area of the lower jaw. On imaging, it presents a clear crescent-shaped transmission shadow. Swelling and pain are the most common clinical manifestations, and the prognosis of surgical treatment is good.

Self-seeding, a distinct biological behavior of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), is prevalent in many malignant tumors and closely linked to tumor progression. While most research focuses on the relationship between CTCs and distant metastasis, the understanding of the biological impact of CTCs self-seeding on tumor initiation and local progression remains limited. This article reviews the role of CTCs in tumor progression via self-seeding, providing a new perspective for exploring the mechanisms underlying malignant tumor development.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the structural basis of mandibular movements, but its poor self-repairing ability makes the cartilage and bone defects hard to regenerate under pathological conditions. Adult mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs）have become a research hotspot in the tissue repairing of the TMJ due to their ability to differentiate toward chondrocytes and osteocytes. This article will focus on adult MSCs in the TMJ and review their recent research progress.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Nudix hydrolase 1 (NUDT1) on the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, and its mechanism of function was tentatively explored.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was applied to examine paraffin sections of 30 patient tissues with OSCC and 10 normal oral mucosa tissues. The expression of NUDT1 in OSCC cells and normal oral mucosal epithelial cells was detected by Western blotting. In addition, the expression of NUDT1 was down-regulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference. The effect of NUDT1 silencing on cell proliferation in OSCC cell lines CAL27 and HN30 was examined by CCK8 assay, and the effect of NUDT1 silencing on cell apoptosis was analyzed by immunofluorescence through an apoptosis kit.Results: Immunohistochemistry assay showed that NUDT1 expression was higher in OSCC tissues than that in normal oral mucosa tissues, and Western blotting assay revealed that NUDT1 expression was elevated in OSCC cells (CAL27 and HN30 cells) compared with that in normal oral mucosal epithelial cells (P<0.01). Inhibition of NUDT1 gene expression significantly inhibited the proliferation ability of OSCC cells (P<0.05), and promoted apoptosis of OSCC cells.Conclusion: NUDT1 expression was elevated in OSCC tissues, compared to that in normal oral mucosa tissues. Downregulation of NUDT1 was important for inhibiting the proliferation of OSCC cells and promoting apoptosis of OSCC cells.

Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of p21 senescent cells in periodontal tissue and femur of diabetic mice. Methods: We constructed transgenic mice capable of tracing p21 senescent cells, used gel electrophoresis assay to screen 24 homozygous mice, and randomly divided them into control group and diabetic group, with 12 mice in each one. The control group was given a normal diet, while the diabetic group was given a high fat diet for 4 weeks, followed by streptozocin (STZ) injection to induce the diabetic model. Periodontal tissue samples were collected from mice at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks respectively. We used the tracer function of p21-3MR mice and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to investigate the spatial and temporal expression changes of p21 senescent cells and periodontal changes in inflammation levels. Results: The expression levels of p21 increase over time during the progression of diabetes, and the distribution of p21 senescent cells gradually extends from the gingiva towards the alveolar bone. Conclusion: p21 senescent cells are involved in the progression of diabetes and may play a role in the regulation of bone homeostasiss by secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, but their specific mechanisms require further investigation.

During the growth, development, and injury repair processes of mammals, organelles undergo self-regulation through a series of complex regulatory mechanisms when subjected to interference from inside or outside, in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is known as organelle stress response. The Golgi apparatus is a key organelle within the cell, not only participating in physiological activities such as the processing and modification of intracellular proteins, lipid metabolism, and vesicular transport, but also playing an important role in ion homeostasis and stress responses. Bone metabolism is an important and complex process for maintaining skeletal health, involving the coordinated action of various cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In this process, the stress response of the Golgi apparatus helps to maintain the intracellular homeostasis and physiological functions of bone cells. This article reviews the research progress on Golgi apparatus stress response, including its structure, function, triggering factors, signal transduction pathways, and its impact on the function of bone tissue cells, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of bone diseases.

Objective: To research the role of zinc finger protein 260 (Zfp260) in osteoclast differentiation under the periodontitis microenvironment.Methods: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into the monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The transfected cells were induced into osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL） for 7 days. Differentiated cells were harvested for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression level of osteoclast differentiation-related genes. In vivo, experimental periodontitis models were established in Zfp260^flox/flox mice (Control group) and Zfp260^flox/flox Lyz2-cre^- myeloid cell conditional Zfp260-knockout mice (Zfp260^cko, Experimental group). The Micro-CT scan and histological staining were used to analyze alveolar bone resorption.Results: Zfp260 was up-regulated during osteoclast genesis. The knockdown of Zfp260 inhibited the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts, and the expression of osteoclast-related factors was down-regulated (P<0.05). In vivo, the bone resorption was significantly decreased on the experimental side in Zfp260^CKO mice.Conclusion: Zfp260 regulates the osteoclast differentiation ability, which will provide a new target for solving periodontitis.

Objective: To investigate the effects of catalpol on rat Schwann cell (RSC) and establish a catalpol/methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel, followed by in vitro evaluation of its biocompatibility and antioxidant properties.Methods: First, the optimal concentration of catalpol for acting on RSC96 cell (rat Schwann cell line) was determined through CCK8 assay. Subsequently, the effects of catalpol on RSC96 cell migration were analyzed by using scratch assay and Transwell assay. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess catalpol's influence on mRNA expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). An oxidative stress model was established using H₂O₂, and catalpol's antioxidant capacity was evaluated through CCK8 assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. Finally, the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant capacity of catalpol/GelMA hydrogel, along with its effects on RSC96 cell proliferation, were systematically investigated.Results: The optimal concentration of catalpol in GelMA for acting on RSC96 cells was determined to be 10 μmol/L. At this concentration, catalpol significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of RSC96 cell, upregulated mRNA expression levels of GFAP, NGF, BDNF and GDNF, and attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in RSC96 cells. The constructed catalpol/GelMA hydrogel demonstrated excellent capability for RSC96 cell encapsulation and exhibited favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, it effectively enhanced RSC96 cell proliferation and exerted protective effects against H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity.Conclusion: Catalpol/GelMA hydrogel has good in vitro cell biocompatibility and antioxidant properties.

Bone is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous bone remodeling throughout life to maintain bone homeostasis. Amino acids are the basic units of proteins, which play an important role in the regulation of material metabolism and information transfer, and amino acid metabolism is closely related to bone remodeling and the development of osteoporosis. Therefore, elucidating their linkages is not only essential for a full understanding of bone biology, but also helps to clarify the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and explore new therapeutic targets. In this paper, the research progress on the role of amino acid metabolism in bone remodeling and osteoporosis is reviewed.

Oral myiasis is an infestation of the dipterous fly larva in the oral cavity. It is a rare disease because it is not easy for the fly to lay eggs in oral cavity, but it can cause pain, infection or other serious symptoms. We reported two cases of oral myiasis in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. This provided reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique that promotes new bone formation by gradually pulling apart bone segments using a specialized distraction device. Initially developed for orthopedic surgery, DO was introduced into craniofacial surgery in the 1990s and has since been widely applied in the treatment of mandibular hypoplasia and jaw defect reconstruction. This paper reviews the fundamental principles, technical aspects, indications, advantages, and disadvantages of mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and discusses different distraction modes, including unifocal, bifocal, and trifocal distraction. The advantages of DO include the avoidance of bone grafting, minimal surgical trauma, and simultaneous soft tissue expansion. However, its long treatment duration and associated complications remain challenges for broader clinical application. In the future, the integration of imaging navigation and artificial intelligence is expected to enhance surgical precision and treatment stability.

Objective: To investigate the effect of early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) by regulating long non-coding RNA human leukocyte antigen complex group 11 (lnc-HCG11) and wingless/β-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin) pathway.Methods: The expression levels of EGR1 and lnc-HCG11 were changed in hPDLSCs through gene overexpression and interference assays, while the activation level of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was altered by the β-catenin inhibitor IWR-1. Subsequently, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting experiments were conducted to validate the intervention effect. After osteogenic induction, RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of osteogenic genes runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), collagen type Ⅰα 1 (COL1A1), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and alizarin red staining was used to detect the mineralization level of cells.Results: The overexpression of EGR1 was observed to promote the expression of lnc-HCG11 in hPDLSCs, while the overexpression of lnc-HCG11 promoted the expression levels of RUNX2, COL1A1, OPN, OCN, and mineralization in hPDLSCs. The pro-osteogenic effect of EGR1 was inhibited by silencing lnc-HCG11, while treatment with IWR-1 suppressed the expression of active β-catenin and weakened the pro-osteogenic effect of lnc-HCG11 on hPDLSCs.Conclusion: EGR1 promotes osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by activating the lnc-HCG11/Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

The periosteum, a connective tissue layer covering bone surfaces, possesses excellent bone regeneration capabilities and serves as the primary reservoir of stem cells for bone repair. This review summarizes the organizational structure and physiological functions of the periosteum, with a focus on the cell markers and biological characteristics of periosteal stem cells (PSCs). In recent years, utilizing techniques such as single-cell sequencing, different subsets have been identified, and their good proliferation and multilineage differentiation potential have been revealed. The biological functions of PSCs are regulated by complex molecular signals. There may be interactions between different signals to orchestrate periosteal stem cell activities. Additionally, this review outlines the prospective applications of PSCs in bone tissue engineering. Future investigations should prioritize exploring the heterogeneity of PSCs and exploring the application of different PSCs subsets in both tissue engineering and clinical settings.

Objective: To investigate the expression of Gasdermin (GSDM) protein family in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) and its diagnostic and prognostic value.Methods: Based on UALCAN and other public databases, the differential expression of GSDM protein family in HNSCC and its correlation with poor prognosis of HNSCC patients were analyzed, and the correlation between GSDM protein family and immune cell infiltration was clarified.Results: Compared with normal tissues, GSDM protein family was significantly increased in HNSCC tissues, and it was closely correlated with longer overall survival (OS) and immune cell infiltration in HNSCC patients. The gene function of GSDM protein family in HNSCC was mainly concentrated in pyrodeath. The Kyoto Encyclopedin of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway was mainly rich in human papilloma virus infection. The GSDM protein family had a certain mutation rate in HNSCC.Conclusion: Based on tumor bioinformatics analysis, the expression level of GSDM protein family in HNSCC tissues is different from that in normal tissues, and its expression level is correlated with immune cell inflitration and tumor prognosis, which can be used as a prognostic marker of HNSCC and a target for gene therapy.

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) could reduce the amount of required bone graft and the complexity of the augmentation procedure during the consequent implant placement. Although ARP is an effective way to reduce bone resorption, there is still controversy about the surgical method and timing of surgery. This article systematically reviewed ARP procedure in terms of material selection, clinical procedure, clinical efficacy, prognostic factors, treatment decision trees, and postoperative complications.

Branchial cleft cyst carcinoma is very rare in clinic, and the clinical signs are not specific. The diagnosis of branchial cleft cyst carcinomas should strictly follow the latest diagnostic criteria, and be distinguished from benign cystic lesions and cystic metastatic carcinomas. This paper reports a case of branchial cleft cyst carcinomatous transformation in our hospital, and reviews its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up with reference to the literature. It aims to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: To investigate the effects of LIM domain 7 (Lmo7) on chondrogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of ATDC5 cells in vitro.Methods: Incubate ATDC5 cells in vitro, cell immunofluorescence was used to determine the location of Lmo7 in ATDC5 cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the genetic expression of Lmo7 during chondrogenic differentiation. ATDC5 cells was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to inhibit the genetic expression level of Lmo7, markers of chondrogenic differentiation were detected by RT-qPCR after chondrogenic induction. The effect of Lmo7 knockdown on proliferation was observed by CCK8 assay. Wound-healing assay was used to determine the effect of Lmo7 knockdown on migration.Results: Lmo7 is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of ATDC5 cells. After chondrogenic induction in vitro, Lmo7 upregulated significantly together with chondrogenic marker. After knockdown of Lmo7 by siRNA, chondrogenic marker SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (Sox9), type Ⅱ collagen (Col2) upregulated significantly. CCK8 assay showed that the proliferation of knockdown group was higher than that of control group. In wound-healing assay, the healing efficiency of knockdown group was lower than that of control group.Conclusion: Lmo7 is upregulated during chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells. Knockdown of Lmo7 leads to promotion of chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Inhibiting the expression level of Lmo7 promoted proliferation but inhibited migration of ATDC5 cells.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of temporomandibular joint disc anchorage (DA) on the surface electromyography (sEMG) characteristics of the masticatory muscles and its clinical outcome.Methods: A total of twenty-three patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR) who underwent temporomandibular joint disc anchorage (DA) between December 2022 and January 2024 were collected to compare their preoperative, 3-month postoperative, and 6-month postoperative maximal interincisal opening (MIO), visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, mandibular border movement (BM) distance, and sEMG of anterior temporalis (TA) and masseter muscle (MM).Results: Patients' MIO increased at 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05), BM distance did not change significantly, VAS scores during wide mouth opening and in the preauricular region decreased compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05). In unilateral DA patients, the mean amplitude of TA sEMG was higher at 6 months postoperatively than that at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the mean MM sEMG amplitude was elevated on the non-operative side compared with preoperative and 3-month postoperative levels, and was reduced on the operative side compared with 3-month postoperative levels. The non-operative side showed higher amplitude than the operative side both preoperative and 6 months postoperatively, and lower amplitude at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). In bilateral DA patients, the mean TA sEMG amplitude decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05), and the mean MM sEMG amplitude decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels, but increased and was higher than the preoperative levels at 6 months postoperatively (P<0.05).Conclusion: DA can reduce the pain of ADDwoR patients, improve the mandibular motor function, and make the sEMG tend to be balanced and stable, with good clinical efficacy.

Objective: To investigate the formation of stress granule (SG) in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under stress, and its effect on the apoptosis, the expression of inflammatory factors, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.Methods: Sodium arsenite (SA) was used to induce SG formation in hPDLCs, and immunofluorescence staining was used to quantify SG formation. Live and dead cell staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the localization and expression of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) in hPDLCs to evaluate the effect of SG formation on apoptosis. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression changes of inflammatory-related cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) during LPS stimulation. ROS detection was used to assess the effect of SG on LPS-induced ROS levels of hPDLCs.Results: SA successfully induced SG formation in hPDLCs. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that Caspase-3 was localized in SG, which significantly inhibited the apoptosis of hPDLCs. RT-qPCR results indicated that SG could downregulate the mRNA relative expression of LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines in hPDLCs. ROS detection showed that SG inhibited LPS-induced ROS generation in hPDLCs.Conclusion: SG can protect hPDLCs from stress-induced apoptosis and inhibit the expression of LPS-triggered inflammatory-related factors and ROS generation.

Ectopic teeth are commonly found in the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity, while impacted third molars in the mandible are relatively rare. Cases of ectopic impaction of the third molar occurring in the condyle accompanied by dentigerous cysts are even rarer. This article reports a case of ectopic impacted third molar in the mandibular condyle with a dentigerous cyst, aiming to provide clinical doctors with diagnostic and treatment ideas for such conditions.

Objective: To investigate the effect of long intergenic non-coding RNA-EPS (lincRNA-EPS)/ microRNA (miRNA)-24-3p/ bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signal axis on enamel development in vitro. Methods: The overexpressed plasmid of lincRNA-EPS and miR-24-3p mimics were transfected into LS8 cells and their transfection efficiency was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes (AMELX, AMBN, AMTN, MMP20) and BMP2 after transfection. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of BMP2 after transfection. Independent sample t test was used for quantitative comparison between groups. Results: Fluorescence images under microscope and RT-qPCR results showed that lincRNA-EPS overexpression plasmid and miR-24-3p mimics were transfected successfully. The relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes and BMP2 as well as the protein expression of BMP2 were significantly increased after transfection with lincRNA-EPS overexpression plasmid, while the relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes and BMP2 as well as the protein expression of BMP2 were significantly decreased after transfection with miR-24-3p mimics. To a certain extent, lincRNA-EPS can inhibit the regulatory effect of miR-24-3p on BMP2, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Enamel development is regulated by lincRNA-EPS/miR-24-3p/BMP2 signal axis, and lincRNA-EPS can affect the inhibition of miR-24-3p on downstream BMP2 expression, thus promoting enamel development.