This article focuses on the clinical prevention and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) [bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab]. Integrating domestic and international consensus guidelines with clinical practice, it proposes a comprehensive, risk-stratified prevention and management strategy. The article systematically analyzes the three major high-risk factors for MRONJ (medication-related, systemic, and local oral factors), emphasizing the difference in MRONJ risk associated with different drug regimens (low-dose vs. high-dose), and constructs a four-tier (R0–R3) risk stratification system accordingly. For each risk level, the paper elaborates on corresponding key focuses for oral screening, preventive interventions, indications for invasive procedures (such as tooth extraction), and perioperative management protocols. Specific guidance is provided for high-risk (R3) patients regarding drug holidays, radiographic evaluation, minimally invasive surgery, and wound management strategies. The aim of this article is to promote a shift in the clinical approach to MRONJ from a reactive treatment model to a proactive prevention model, providing systematic reference for dentists to effectively reduce the incidence of MRONJ while ensuring the treatment of patients' underlying systemic diseases.

Parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a deep anatomical compartment in the head and neck region, containing critical structures such as the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves. Primary tumors in this area are relatively rare. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for tumors in this region, and selecting an appropriate surgical approach is crucial for ensuring safe tumor removal and minimizing postoperative complications. Based on recent literatures and the clinical experiences of our team, this article systematically reviews and discusses the main surgical approaches based on the three-dimensional compartmentalization of the PPS, aiming to provide a reference for selecting appropriate clinical surgical strategies.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of decompression combined with secondary curettage for the treatment of large jaw cysts, and analyze the impact of this technique on patients' perioperative outcomes and recurrence rates. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, collecting clinical data from 80 patients with large jaw cysts admitted to our hospital between May 2021 and September 2023. Based on the surgical approach, patients were divided into two groups: 38 patients treated with conventional curettage were assigned to the conventional curettage group, while 42 patients treated with decompression combined with secondary curettage were assigned to the study group. The two groups were compared regarding treatment effectiveness, postoperative inflammatory markers, complication rates, bone recovery status (bone formation thickness, bone density, reduction rate of the cystic cavity), and cyst recurrence rate. Quality of life was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: The treatment effectiveness rate in the study group (92.86%) was higher than that in the conventional curettage group (76.32%) (P<0.05). On postoperative day 3, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the study group were all lower than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate in the study group (4.76%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional curettage group (21.05%) (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the bone formation thickness, bone density, and reduction rate of the cystic cavity in the study group were significantly higher than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.001). All domain scores of the SF-36 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in the study group (2.38%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional curettage group (18.42%) (P<0.01). Conclusion: Decompression combined with secondary curettage is an effective treatment for large jaw cysts. It can effectively reduce postoperative inflammatory response, promote bone repair, improve patients' quality of life, and significantly lower the incidence of complications and recurrence.

The diagnosis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) currently lacks a globally unified "gold standard", with discrepancies existing among the consensus statements or guidelines of various academic societies. This diagnostic challenge is particularly pronounced for MRONJ cases without clinically evident bone exposure. According to the 2022 position paper of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS), the diagnosis of MRONJ includes "intraoral or extraoral fistula that probes to bone" as a clinical manifestation in the absence of overt bone exposure. However, in clinical practice, MRONJ presenting with periapical fistula closely resembles periapical periodontitis, making differentiation difficult. Moreover, some MRONJ cases without bone exposure exhibit concealed drainage pathways located in periodontal pockets or the maxillary sinus, without typical fistula formation, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis. To address these issues, this article defines "non-exposed" MRONJ as a subtype of MRONJ characterized by the absence of overt bone exposure but the presence of fistulae that probe to bone or other concealed purulent drainage pathways, with non-specific symptoms and characteristic imaging changes. This article systematically analyzes the diagnostic challenges of this variant, synthesizes key differentiating features from medical history, clinical manifestations, and imaging findings to differentiate from odontogenic infections, and discusses the role of diagnostic treatment. Finally, a clinical pathway is proposed to facilitate the early identification of "non-exposed" MRONJ. It should be emphasized that "non-exposed" MRONJ is distinct from the AAOMS-defined stage 0 disease and does not represent an early phase of MRONJ. Clarifying the concept of "non-exposed" MRONJ may improve the overall diagnostic rate of MRONJ and reduce medicolegal disputes arising from misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of deep learning (DL) in detecting periodontal radiographic bone loss (RBL). Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant studies, the search covered the period from the inception of each database until March 2024, with language restrictions set to English. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: A total of 19 articles meeting the criteria were included for full-text screening, with 8 of them being incorporated into the Meta-analysis. The Meta-analysis results showed that the DL models achieved a sensitivity of 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.79 to 0.90] and a specificity of 0.83 (95% CI=0.75 to 0.91) in the classification of periodontitis. The summary receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (SROC-AUC) was 0.92 (95% CI=0.89 to 0.94). Conclusion: DL models demonstrate good accuracy and sensitivity in detecting periodontal RBL.

Numerous epidemiological studies have confirmed an correlation between periodontitis and hypertension. Moderate to severe periodontitis is not only associated with an increased risk of hypertension and elevated blood pressure levels, but the hypertensive state itself may also exacerbate the degree of inflammation in periodontal tissues. This article will review the research progress on the association between periodontitis and hypertension from two aspects: The relationship between hypertension and periodontitis, and the role of periodontitis in vascular endothelial dysfunction.

Objective: To investigate the effects of resveratrol (Res) combined with NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235) on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the oral mucosal malignant melanoma (OMM) cell line Mm9h-1, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Cell viability after drug treatment was detected using the CCK8 assay to determine drug concentrations and group assignments. The following groups were established for 48-hour treatment: Control group, 100 μmol/L Res group, 1.0 μmol/L BEZ235 group, and combination group (C1 group: 100 μmol/L Res+1.0 μmol/L BEZ235). The scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Hoechst staining was applied to observe cell death morphology, and Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Results: Both Res and BEZ235 alone inhibited multiple biological behaviors of Mm9h-1 cells. Compared with the Control, 100 μmol/L Res, and 1.0 μmol/L BEZ235 groups, the C1 group showed significantly reduced cell viability, invasion, and migration capabilities, along with significantly upregulated expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Conclusion: The combination of Res and BEZ235 inhibits Mm9h-1 cell survival, invasion, and migration more effectively than either agent alone, and more potently induces apoptosis.

Horizontal alveolar bone resorption is common following tooth loss in the posterior mandible. Selecting an appropriate bone augmentation strategy is key to ensuring the long-term success of implant restoration. This article innovatively proposes a defect morphology-based classification system, categorizing bone defects into potential, favorable, partially favorable, and unfavorable types by analyzing the spatial relationship between the implant position and the outer alveolar ridge contour of adjacent teeth. This classification helps assess the spatial maintenance capacity of the defect site. Based on this classification, the article systematically outlines the corresponding implant timing and augmentation technique selection for different defect categories, establishing a clear clinical decision-making pathway to provide a reference for the implant restoration workflow in the posterior mandible.

Objective: To develop a deep learning (DL)-based three-dimensional (3D) point cloud reconstruction network that utilizes the morphological features of the ipsilateral maxillary lateral incisor, canine, and premolars to predict and reconstruct the anatomical morphology of the maxillary central incisor, providing insights for personalized anterior tooth aesthetic restoration. Methods: A total of 192 intraoral scan models were collected. Exocad software was used to segment crowns of teeth #11-14. After standardizing coordinate systems in MATLAB, 182 cases were randomly selected as the training set and 10 were the test set. A dual-network architecture (morphology and pose estimation) was trained to reconstruct maxillary central incisor point clouds. Reconstructed outputs were meshed, aligned with original crowns for evaluation, and applied to incisal third defect models of tooth #11 to compare restoration outcomes among the proposed algorithm, mirroring technique, and standard database method. Results: The test set achieved a chamfer distance (CD) of 0.405, earth mover's distance (EMD) of 0.152, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of (0.128±0.030) mm. For incisal defect restoration, the proposed algorithm [RMSE：(0.128±0.030) mm] demonstrated comparable accuracy to mirroring technique [RMSE: (0.130±0.021) mm], but significantly outperformed the database method [RMSE: (0.233±0.038) mm, P<0.001]. Conclusion: The proposed 3D point cloud reconstruction network enables high-precision maxillary central incisor restoration based on adjacent tooth morphology, offering a reliable technical solution for personalized anterior dental rehabilitation.

Objective: To investigate the clinical outcomes of the partially deepithelialized forearm flap for reconstructing defects following resection of cheek malignancies. Methods: A total of 12 patients who underwent reconstruction with a partially deepithelialized forearm flap for post-resection defects of cheek malignancies in our department between June 2021 and June 2023 were selected. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 6 to 24 months. Evaluations included facial contour, mouth opening and closing function, as well as flap survival, color, and texture. Results: All 12 flaps survived completely. Facial symmetry was satisfactory, and mouth opening and closing function was unimpaired. The flaps exhibited good color match with the surrounding tissues and a soft texture. No tumor recurrence or distant metastasis was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The application of the partially deepithelialized forearm flap for reconstructing defects after cheek malignancy resection achieves favorable clinical outcomes.

Objective: To investigate the impact of extracting mandibular third molar (M3M) tooth germs via the vestibular sulcus approach on the periodontal tissue of adjacent teeth and on patient postoperative recovery, providing a reference for the clinical application of this technique. Methods: This self-controlled study included 27 patients who required bilateral M3M germ extraction and presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qujing Central Hospital of Yunnan Province between May 2023 and July 2024. For each patient, one side was randomly assigned (by drawing lots) to the vestibular sulcus approach (vestibular approach group), while the contralateral side was assigned to the classic angular incision approach (angular incision group). Operative time was compared between the two groups. On postoperative days 1, 3, and 7, facial swelling, degree of mouth opening limitation, and pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores were assessed. The occurrence of complications (hemorrhage, nerve injury, dry socket, adjacent tooth injury, and wound dehiscence) was recorded. Probing depth (PD) and gingival index of the adjacent teeth were compared between the two groups preoperatively, and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. At 6 months postoperatively, cone beam CT (CBCT) was used to compare the distobuccal osseous defect depth (ODD) of the adjacent teeth between the two groups. Results: A total of 24 patients (48 tooth germs) completed all follow-ups. On postoperative day 7, there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between the two groups in facial swelling, pain VAS scores, or degree of mouth opening limitation. No postoperative complications occurred in any patient. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) in operative time or the adjacent teeth gingival index at 1 and 3 months postoperatively between the two groups. At 1 month postoperatively, the distobuccal PD of adjacent teeth in the vestibular approach group was essentially unchanged from the preoperative level and was significantly smaller than that in the angular incision group (P<0.01) ; by 3 months postoperatively, the difference in this indicator between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, CBCT results showed that the distobuccal ODD of adjacent teeth in the vestibular approach group was significantly smaller than that in the angular incision group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The vestibular sulcus approach for extracting M3M tooth germs is more beneficial for preserving the periodontal tissues on the distal aspect of the adjacent teeth, while showing no significant difference in postoperative recovery compared to the angular incision approach.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive ultrasonic bone surgery for extracting maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth in children.Methods:A total of 128 children with maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth treated in our hospital between July 2021 and July 2023 were included. Based on the surgical methods, the patients were divided into 2 groups: The conventional group (n=64) underwent the conventional extraction, and the ultrasonic bone surgery group (n=64) underwent the minimally invasive ultrasonic bone surgery. Perioperative parameters were compared, including success rate (χ ² test), operation time (independent-samplet-test), postoperative pain (Mann‑WhitneyUtest), and changes in gingival crevicular fluid levels of inflammatory mediators [myeloperoxidase (MPO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), pentraxin‑3 (PTX3)] and stress mediators [peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] (independent-samplet-test).Results:The success rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). However, the ultrasonic bone surgery group had a significantly shorter operation time than the conventional group (P<0.001). Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the ultrasonic bone surgery group on day 1 and day 3 than in the conventional group (P<0.05). On postoperative day 3, levels of MPO, PGE₂, PTX3, and PPARγ increased in both groups compared with preoperative levels, but were significantly lower in the ultrasonic bone surgery group than in the conventional group. GPX levels decreased in both groups, but were significantly higher in the ultrasonic bone surgery group than in the conventional group (allP<0.01).Conclusion:Minimally invasive ultrasonic bone surgery for extraction of maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth in children demonstrated favorable outcomes, significantly shortening operation time, reducing surgical trauma, alleviating postoperative pain, and effectively mitigating local inflammation and stress responses.

Objective: To investigate the effects of aging on the bone regeneration capacity of mouse jaw and the osteogenic differentiation ability of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1 cells). Methods: A maxillary bone defect model was established using senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8 mice). Micro-CT was used to analyze the bone microstructural parameters of new bone in the maxillary bone defect area of young (2-month-old) and aged (8-month-old) mice. In vitro, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was used to induce senescence in MC3T3-E1 cells. The expression of senescence-related genes was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining was used to compare the positive area; flow cytometry was employed to analyze cell cycle distribution; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining were used to evaluate osteogenic differentiation ability; and Western blotting was applied to detect the expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins. Results: On the 14th day after bone defect surgery, the amount of new bone in the aged group was lower than that in the young group. In vitro experiments showed that after H₂O₂ treatment, the expression levels of senescence-related genes and proteins in MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly increased, and the SA-β-Gal staining positive area was significantly enlarged. Cell cycle analysis revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in the S and G2 phases. Meanwhile ALP and ARS staining indicated weakened osteogenic differentiation, and the expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were also significantly decreased. Conclusion: Aging can inhibit bone regeneration in the mouse jaw, partly due to the decreased differentiation capacity of osteoblast precursor cells under aging conditions.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical factors affecting the recovery of patients with Bell's palsy.Methods:Clinical data from 94 patients who were admitted to two hospitals in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between January 2010 and January 2024 due to Bell's palsy were retrospectively analyzed.Patient demographic characteristics were evaluated using descriptive statistical methods, comparisons between groups were performed using the Chi-square test, the independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis were identified using a multivariate logistic regression model. The effectiveness of the model was assessed by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC).Results:The age of the enrolled patients ranged from 28 to 77 years, with a mean age of（49.30±6.96）years. Among them, 51.1% were female. Univariate analysis showed that smoking (P=0.016), hypertension (P=0.007), diabetes mellitus (P=0.005) and higher House-Brackmann (H-B) grade were associated with incomplete recovery in patients (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking (OR=8.295, P=0.010), hypertension (OR=9.667,P=0.008) and higher H-B grade (OR=9.094,P=0.032) were independent predictors for incomplete recovery in patients with Bell's palsy. These three factors demonstrated some predictive value for the prognosis of facial paralysis recovery, with AUCs of 0.67, 0.68 and 0.68 for smoking, hypertension, and higher H-B grade, respectively. Neither physical therapy nor different pharmacological interventions showed a statistically significant association with recovery in patients with Bell's palsy (P>0.05).Conclusion:Smoking, hypertension, and higher H-B grade are independent risk factors affecting recovery prognosis in patients with Bell's palsy. The predictive model based on these factors demonstrated certain discriminative ability and can serve as a reference for optimizing clinical management.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting periodontal supporting tissues, which is closely associated with various systemic diseases. In recent years, a number of epidemiological investigations have revealed the possible independent association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction to some extent, and certain research results suggest that periodontal pathogens may be one of the important factors mediating this association. Based on the current research data, the link between the two diseases has yet to be established. This article reviews the research progress on the association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction, with the aim of evaluating the existing epidemiological evidence, elucidating potential pathological mechanisms, and providing a theoretical basis for interdisciplinary prevention and treatment strategies.

This article focuses on the clinical prevention and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) [bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab]. Integrating domestic 
and international consensus guidelines with clinical practice, it proposes a comprehensive, risk-stratified prevention and 
management strategy. The article systematically analyzes the three major high-risk factors for MRONJ (medication-related, systemic, and local oral factors), emphasizing the difference in MRONJ risk associated with different drug regimens (low-dose vs. high-dose), and constructs a four-tier (R0‒R3) risk stratification system accordingly. For each risk level, the paper elaborates on corresponding key focuses for oral screening, preventive interventions, indications for invasive procedures (such as tooth extraction), and perioperative management protocols. Specific guidance is provided for high-risk (R3) patients regarding drug holidays, radiographic evaluation, minimally invasive surgery, and wound management strategies. The aim of this article is to promote a shift in the clinical approach to MRONJ from a reactive treatment model to a proactive prevention model, providing systematic reference for dentists to effectively reduce the incidence of MRONJ while ensuring the treatment of patients' underlying systemic diseases.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) in mice.
Methods:BMSCs isolated from C57BL/6J mice were evaluated for stem cell surface markers CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166 by flow cytometry. Osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation assays were performed to confirm the multilineage differentiation potential. A total of 120 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used to establish TMJOA models by bilateral disc removal. Approximately 0.1 mL of orbital blood was collected from each mouse to prepare PRF. Based on different treatments, joints were assigned to four groups: The control group (injection of 20 μL complete medium after disc removal), the BMSCs+PRF group (implantation of PRF combined with injection of 20 μL BMSCs suspension), the BMSCs group (injection of 20 μL BMSCs suspension only), and the PRF group (PRF implantation only). Mice were sacrificed in batches at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The severity of the condylar cartilage degeneration was evaluated according to the modified Mankin scoring system after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Safranin O staining. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed at 8 weeks postoperatively to assess the relative mRNA expression of Aggrecan, Sox9, Col1a1, Col2a1.
Results:Flow cytometric analysis and trilineage differentiation assays confirmed that the isolated cells exhibited typical characteristics of BMSCs. Histological assessment revealed the modified Mankin scores were significantly reduced in the BMSCs+PRF group compared with the control group, suggesting alleviated cartilage degeneration. Consistently, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the mRNA levels of Aggrecan, Sox9, Col1a1, Col2a1 in the BMSCs+PRF group .
Conclusion:Combined application of BMSCs and PRF intra-articularly effectively alleviates TMJOA progression and promotes cartilage repair in mice.

Objective: To investigate the role of Yap/Taz in alveolar bone remodeling after unloading of occlusal force. Methods: The unloading model of the left mandibular alveolar bone was established in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice by extracting the left maxillary first molar, and the contralateral alveolar bone was used as control. The mandibles were collected 1, 2 and 4 weeks after unloading, respectively. Micro-CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction were employed to quantitatively analyze changes in bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N). The quantitative change of CD105+mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in alveolar bone was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The gene expression levels of Yap/Taz in alveolar bone were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Mouse alveolar bone derived MSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to transfect MSCs, and the subsequent effect of Yap/Taz knockdown on MSCs osteogenic differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining for ALP-positive areas and by RT-qPCR for the expression of Runx2, Sp7, Col1a1 and Bglap. Results: After 4 weeks of unloading, the alveolar bone exhibited a significant decrease in BMD and BV/TV (P<0.05), a marked reduction in the number of MSCs and a significant downregulation of Yap/Taz (P<0.05) compared with the control group. In vitro, Yap/Taz knockdown resulted in decreased ALP-positive areas and significantly downregulated expression of Runx2, Sp7, Col1a1, and Bglap in MSCs compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Unloading of occlusal force led to alveolar bone loss, a reduction in MSCs, and downregulation of Yap/Taz, while knockdown of Yap/Taz inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic versus conventional surgery for the treatment of benign submandibular gland tumors. Methods: Databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, EMBase, and the Cochrane Library were searched according to the search strategy, with the search period up to January 1, 2024. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), and a Meta-analysis was subsequently performed. Results: A total of 9 studies were included, comprising 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 8 non-randomized controlled trial (nRCT), with a total of 356 patients, 153 in the endoscopic group and 203 in the traditional group. Meta-analysis results indicated that the endoscopic group had a significantly longer operative time than the traditional group [weighted mean difference (WMD)=13.56 min; 95% confidence interval(CI)=9.36 to 17.75 min; P<0.001]. However, the endoscopic approach demonstrated superior outcomes in postoperative satisfaction (WMD=2.85; 95% CI=2.03 to 3.67; P<0.001), incision length (WMD=–17.60 mm; 95% CI=–30.74 to –4.47 mm; P<0.01), and intraoperative blood loss (WMD=–16.32 mL; 95% CI=–26.67 to –5.97 mL; P<0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in tumor diameter (WMD=–0.19 mm; 95% CI=-2.91 to 2.54 mm; P=0.89), postoperative drainage volume (WMD=–5.53 mL; 95% CI=–14.16 to 3.10 mL; P=0.21), the incidence of facial nerve injury [ (odds ratio, OR) = 0.82; 95% CI=0.25 to 2.71; P=0.74], the incidence of great auricular nerve injury (OR=2.40; 95% CI=0.36 to 16.18; P=0.37), or the average length of stay (WMD=–1.2 days; 95% CI=–3.25 to 0.84 days; P=0.25). Conclusion: Based on the current limited evidence, endoscopic surgery for benign submandibular gland tumors can significantly shorten incision length, reduce intraoperative blood loss, and improve postoperative patient satisfaction, but prolongs operative time.

Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs), a class of cellular organelles associated with cellular metabolism, are composed of a neutral lipid core encapsulated by a monolayer phospholipid polar membrane. Initially regarded as static energy reservoirs with relatively simple functions, LDs have been the subject of recent advancements that have significantly expanded our understanding of their biogenesis mechanisms and functions. Beyond serving as central hubs for intracellular lipid metabolism, LDs actively participate in the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory and infectious diseases, while playing critical regulatory roles in host immune responses. This paper provides a review of research in these fields.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of lateral approach maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implantation in treatment of severe bone deficiency in the maxillary posterior region.Methods:Between January 2023 and March 2024, patients who underwent lateral approach maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement and had a residual bone height (RBH)≤3 mm were enrolled. Osseointegration and bone augmentation effects were assessed by cone beam CT (CBCT) at 6 months postoperatively. Restoration was completed at 7-8 months postoperatively. The follow-up lasted for 12 months postoperatively, that is, 4 months after restoration. The incidence of complications, implant stability quotient (ISQ), implant survival rate, and patient satisfaction were recorded.Results:The mean bone height gain in the edentulous area was (7.60±2.04) mm at 6 months postoperatively. The ISQ value has significantly increased compared with the initial measurement and a total of 38 implants achieved osseointegration. Sinus membrane perforation occurred in 3 sites (7.89%) during surgery, and 1 site (2.63%) of cover screw detachment was observed during the postoperative follow-up period. At 12 months postoperatively, in patients with a 100% implant survival rate, the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for masticatory function and aesthetic effect were (8.37±1.20) and (8.45±1.18) points, respectively.Conclusion:When the RBH in the maxillary posterior region is less than or equal to 3 mm, the lateral approach maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implantation can achieve bone augmentation and osseointegration at the same time. Within the 12-month follow-up period, the survival rate of the implants was relatively high.

Objective:To investigate the expression, clinical significance, and prognostic relevance of B7 homolog 3 (B7‑H3) in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).Methods:The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to compare B7‑H3 expression between OTSCC tissues and adjacent tissues, and to analyze its association with patient overall survival rate. Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis was performed on genes co‑expressed with B7‑H3. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect B7‑H3 expression in tissue microarrays containing 53 OTSCC samples and 9 adjacent normal samples collected at our institution from January 2010 to December 2018. The Wilcoxon rank‑sum test was used to compare expression levels between groups; theχ ² test was applied to analyze the relationship between B7‑H3 expression and clinicopathological characteristics; Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis was conducted to assess the association between B7‑H3 expression and overall survival rate in OTSCC patients; and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of various factors on prognosis.Results:Analysis based on TCGA data showed that B7‑H3 expression was significantly higher in OTSCC tissues than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.001). Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with high B7‑H3 expression had a lower overall survival rate than those with low expression, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.246). GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that B7‑H3‑related genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as cell‑cell adhesion and glycoprotein metabolism. Tissue microarray analysis showed that B7‑H3 expression was significantly elevated in OTSCC tissues compared with adjacent tissues (P<0.001), and its expression level was not significantly correlated with clinicopathological features. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high B7‑H3 expression had significantly lower overall survival rate than those with low expression (P<0.05). Cox proportional hazards model analysis demonstrated that age and pathological differentiation grade were identified as independent prognostic factors, while B7-H3 showed an association with prognosis in univariate analysis but was not an independent predictor in the multivariate analysis.Conclusion:B7‑H3 is highly expressed in OTSCC and is associated with poor prognosis.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) typically originates from major salivary glands but may also arise primarily from minor salivary glands in the palate. It can show diverse clinical symptoms, such as masses, pain, or ulcers. However, cases presenting primarily with mucosal erythema are relatively rare. This article reports a case of palatal MEC that presented erythema as the main clinical feature, and discusses its clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC), also known as static bone cavity, is a rare bony defect on the lingual side of the mandible. SBC is usually seen in the mandibular angle region and is rarely located in the anterior mandible. This paper reports a case of SBC located in the premolar region of the mandible. By reviewing relevant literature, we aim to strengthen dentists' understanding of SBC in atypical locations and avoid misdiagnosis.

γδT cells are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes primarily distributed in peripheral tissues such as the skin, visceral organs, and mucosal cavities. As key immune cells in the periodontal tissue, γδT cells play a crucial role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis. When periodontal homeostasis is disrupted, γδT cells contribute to the progression of periodontal inflammation. During the reparative phase of periodontitis, these cells exert protective effects and mediate the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissues. This review summarizes the fundamental characteristics and primary functions of gingival γδT cells, with a particular focus on their biological roles during the progression and reparative phase of periodontitis. Additionally, it explores the potential therapeutic applications of γδT cells in the management of periodontal inflammatory diseases. Future research should aim to elucidate the functional diversity of γδT cells in the context of periodontitis and investigate the prospects of different γδT cell subsets for biotherapeutic applications in periodontal inflammation.

Objective: To investigate the effects of elongated third molars on the temporomandibular joint function, masticatory muscle electromyographic activity, and joint space. Methods: A total of 24 patients with elongated third molars who attended the outpatient clinic of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from April 2024 to February 2025 were selected. Among them, 14 had unilateral elongation and 10 had bilateral elongation. The following parameters were compared before and 3 months after the extraction of the elongated third molars: Maximum mouth opening, range of mandibular border movements (protrusion, lateral movement, retrusion), tenderness threshold of the temporomandibular joint area, mean amplitude of surface electromyography (sEMG) of the bilateral anterior temporalis (TA) and masseter muscles (MM), asymmetry index (AsI) of the masticatory muscles, and bilateral temporomandibular joint space (anterior, superior, and posterior joint spaces). Results: Three months after tooth extraction, the patients' maximum mouth opening increased. In the maxillary elongation group, the range of mandibular protrusion and retrusion increased, while in the mandibular elongation group, the range of mandibular protrusion increased. The tenderness threshold of the bilateral TMJ area in both the unilateral and bilateral elongation groups was higher than that before extraction (all P<0.05). In patients with unilateral elongated third molars, the mean sEMG amplitudes of the TA on the elongated side were significantly higher than that on the non-elongated side before extraction. After extraction, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean sEMG amplitude of the TA and MM between the two sides (P>0.05). Compared with before extraction, the mean sEMG amplitudes of the TA and MM on both the elongated and non-elongated sides increased after extraction in patients with unilateral elongation, and the AsI of the bilateral TA decreased. In patients with bilateral elongation, there were no statistically significant differences in the mean sEMG amplitudes and AsI of the bilateral TA and MM before and after extraction (P>0.05). In patients with unilateral elongation, the anterior joint space of the bilateral TMJ decreased and the posterior joint space increased after extraction compared with that before extraction (all P<0.05). In patients with bilateral elongation, there were no statistically significant differences in the anterior and superior joint spaces before and after extraction (P>0.05). Conclusion: Unilateral elongation of the third molar can lead to asymmetry in the electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles, an increase in the anterior joint space, and a decrease in the posterior joint space of the TMJ. Extraction of the elongated third molar can effectively improve these abnormalities.

The nasopalatine canal is located centrally in the anterior maxilla, originating from the Stenson's foramen at the nasal floor and coursing anteroinferiorly to the incisive foramen on the palatal aspect of the maxillary central incisors. It contains neurovascular bundles that provide innervation and blood supply to the anterior palate. The morphology of the nasopalatine canal is highly variable in the population and is influenced by multiple factors. These factors may lead to maxillary atrophy and enlargement of the nasopalatine canal, making it inevitable that the ideal implant placement site involves the nasopalatine canal. Recent studies have indicated that implant contact with the nasopalatine canal region does not significantly increase failure rates. However, to maximize bone-to-implant contact, most research advocates avoiding direct contact between the implant surface and the contents of the nasopalatine canal. This can be achieved by optimizing implant design or by actively managing the nasopalatine canal to ensure complete bone-to-implant contact. Nevertheless, the key factors influencing nasopalatine canal morphology and corresponding clinical management strategies require further investigation. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the morphological characteristics of the nasopalatine canal, its influencing factors, along with a summary of clinical management approaches for different nasopalatine canal types and relevant clinical recommendations, is of significant clinical importance. This article provides a literature review on these aspects and discusses corresponding clinical decision-making strategies.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare inflammatory myeloid neoplasm that uncommonly occurs in the jawbones. This article presents a case of LCH in the mandible in an adult, and through a review of the relevant literature, aims to discuss its clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment options, to enhance clinicians' understanding of this disease.

With the application of digital technology in dentistry, three-dimensional reconstruction, virtual surgical planning, and intraoperative navigation are gradually being applied to the clinical practice of orthognathic surgery, driving a transformation in the treatment paradigm from traditional experience-based to precise and personalized approaches. Digital technology has demonstrated significant advantages in improving surgical quality and safety, and has enormous development potential in the field of modern orthognathic surgery. This article reviews the current application status and research progress of digital technology in orthognathic surgery based on domestic and international literature.

Objective:To analyze the clinicopathological data of 25 cases of facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in Fengqing County of Lincang City, Yunnan Province.Methods:A total of 25 patients diagnosed with cutaneous BCC at The People's Hospital of Fengqing Lincang City, Yunnan Province, from 2019 to 2023 were enrolled. The epidemiological characteristics and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed, including age, sex, occupation, disease duration, whether the lesion was single or multiple, lesion location, size, and pathological features. Pathological classification was performed according to the McKee criteria.Results:This study included 7 male and 18 female patients with BCC. The mean age was (63.20±12.27) years. All 25 patients presented with single lesions, with disease duration ranging from 1 month to 10 years. The most commonly affected site was the nasal ala (9 cases), followed by the lower eyelid (7 cases), nasal tip (2 cases), nasal dorsum (1 case), lateral canthus (1 case), medial canthus (1 case), cheek (1 case), earlobe (1 case), preauricular region (1 case), and postauricular region (1 case). Lesion sizes varied, with the smallest being 0.2 cm × 0.2 cm and the largest being 2.0 cm × 1.5 cm. Most patients were asymptomatic. The most common histopathological subtype was nodular (9 cases), followed by pigmented (6 cases), micronodular (5 cases), basosquamous (1 case), infiltrative (1 case), ulcerative (1 case), fibroepithelial (1 case), and adenoid (1 case).Conclusion:Facial BCC primarily affects middle-aged and elderly individuals. Early-stage BCC usually presents without symptoms, and the histopathological subtypes are diverse.

In clinical practice, patients often present with oral foreign bodies, but these are typically located in the esophagus, gingiva, and pharynx. Foreign bodies in the tongue are relatively rare, and inflammatory masses caused by foreign body-induced surrounding tissue inflammation are even rarer. Moreover, their imaging findings can be easily confused with neoplasms, leading to misdiagnosis. This article reports a case of a tumor-like mass on the dorsal tongue caused by a fishbone. In combination with relevant literature, its diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed to enhance clinicians' understanding of such lesions and reduce misdiagnosis.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is an indolent and painless malignant tumor that most commonly occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, but it is relatively rare in the head and neck region. Among head and neck cases, involvement of the parotid gland is more common, while primary sublingual gland involvement is rarely reported and can be easily confused with benign sublingual gland tumors. This article reports a case of MALT lymphoma primarily originating from the sublingual gland and discusses its clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment through a review of relevant literature.

Neurogenic tumors originate from the Schwann cells or ganglion cells of peripheral nerves and frequently occur in the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, neck, or extremities. Those arising in the tongue are relatively rare. This article presents six cases of lingual neurogenic tumors and systematically summarizes the imaging characteristics of such tumors through a review of relevant literature.

Patients with periodontitis are confronted with elevated risks during implant therapy, mainly manifested as a lower implant survival rate, as well as a higher incidence and faster progression of peri-implantitis. Meanwhile, patients with periodontitis frequently present with varying degrees of soft and hard tissue defects, which further increase the complexity of implant therapy. Chronic inflammation status and oral microbiota dysbiosis are recognized as critical factors affecting the prognosis of implant therapy. Therefore, prior to implant placement, periodontitis and associated systemic diseases should be adequately controlled, and appropriate implant types as well as optimal surgical timing should be selected. Good postoperative oral hygiene management, regular follow-up and supportive periodontal therapy are of great significance for reducing the risk of peri-implant diseases and improving the long-term success rate of implants. Although patients with periodontitis face considerable challenges when undergoing implant therapy, favorable clinical outcomes can still be achieved through comprehensive treatment and meticulous management.

Objective: To investigate the factors influencing the operative time for the removal of a single impacted supernumerary tooth in the maxillary incisor region, and to provide a reference for pre-operative difficulty assessment. Methods: Clinical data were collected from 154 patients who underwent extraction of a single impacted supernumerary tooth in the maxillary incisor region at the Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, from January to December 2023. All patients received a pre-operative cone beam CT (CBCT) examination, and surgeries were performed under general anesthesia. Patient age, sex, tooth morphology, orientation, position, root development status, surgeon's years of experience, and operative time were recorded. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent factors influencing operative time. Results: Patients' ages ranged from 4 to 21 years, with a mean of (9.03±3.11) years. Operative time ranged from 5 to 70 minutes, with a mean of (26.00±12.15) minutes. Multivariate analysis showed that patient age (B=1.175, P<0.05), vertical position (B=-5.417, P<0.05), orientation (B=2.236, P<0.05), root development of the supernumerary tooth (B=-2.266, P<0.05), and surgeon's years of experience (B=-2.849, P<0.05) were significantly associated with operative time. A regression equation was established: T=24.667+1.175A-5.417B+2.236C-2.266D-2.849E (T: operative time; A: age; B: vertical position; C: orientation; D: root development; E: surgeon's experience). Conclusion: The operative time for the removal of a single impacted supernumerary tooth in the maxillary incisor region is closely related to patient age, the tooth's vertical position, orientation, root development, and the surgeon's experience. The regression equation established in this study may serve as a quantitative reference for pre-operative difficulty assessment and clinician-patient communication.