Ectopic teeth are commonly found in the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity, while impacted third molars in the mandible are relatively rare. Cases of ectopic impaction of the third molar occurring in the condyle accompanied by dentigerous cysts are even rarer. This article reports a case of ectopic impacted third molar in the mandibular condyle with a dentigerous cyst, aiming to provide clinical doctors with diagnostic and treatment ideas for such conditions.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique that promotes new bone formation by gradually pulling apart bone segments using a specialized distraction device. Initially developed for orthopedic surgery, DO was introduced into craniofacial surgery in the 1990s and has since been widely applied in the treatment of mandibular hypoplasia and jaw defect reconstruction. This paper reviews the fundamental principles, technical aspects, indications, advantages, and disadvantages of mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and discusses different distraction modes, including unifocal, bifocal, and trifocal distraction. The advantages of DO include the avoidance of bone grafting, minimal surgical trauma, and simultaneous soft tissue expansion. However, its long treatment duration and associated complications remain challenges for broader clinical application. In the future, the integration of imaging navigation and artificial intelligence is expected to enhance surgical precision and treatment stability.

Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is a combined surgical-orthodontic treatment modality primarily used to address severe maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) and dental arch constriction. SARME has undergone continuous refinement and optimization, becoming an essential therapeutic strategy in orthognathic treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the developmental trajectory of SARME, encompassing its surgical techniques, clinical efficacy, and potential complications. The review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an updated perspective on SARME's evolving paradigm and propose future research directions.

Objective: To investigate changes in mitophagy levels in bone tissue during periodontitis in mice and to explore the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitophagy on the osteogenic differentiation capacity of mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells.Methods: A mouse periodontitis model was established using silk ligatures, and mice were divided into ligation and control groups. Micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were used to assess alveolar bone resorption. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes and mitophagy-related genes in the periodontal bone tissue. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to observe the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1) expression in the alveolar bone. For in vitro experiments, MC3T3-E1 cells were induced with LPS and divided into the control group and the LPS group. According to whether autophagy intervention was applied, MC3T3-E1 cells were further divided into the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) +LPS group, rapamycin (Rapa) +LPS group, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) +LPS group, and LPS group. Additionally, MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into the siPink1 group and the NC group based on whether Pink1 was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA). RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of mitophagy-related and osteogenesis-related genes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe mitochondria and autophagosomes. IF staining was performed to examine changes in the expression of the mitophagy-related protein Pink1. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells in each group, respectively.Results: In vivo experiments showed that the silk ligation group exhibited significantly increased buccal alveolar bone resorption. The relative expression level of the mitophagy-related protein Pink1 was elevated in the bone tissue of the ligation group, along with increased relative mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related and mitophagy-related genes. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, after 14 days of osteogenic induction, compared with the control group, the LPS group showed significantly decreased relative mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, weaker ALP staining, and smaller alizarin red staining areas. Compared with the control group, the LPS group exhibited significantly increased mRNA and protein expression levels of Pink1 and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin (Parkin) (related to mitophagy), while showing significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome 1 (P62) (related to autophagy); TEM observation revealed swollen and damaged mitochondria in the LPS group; IF staining results indicated a higher proportion of Pink1-positive cells in the LPS group compared with the control group. Compared with the DMSO+LPS group, the Rapa+LPS group displayed darker ALP staining and larger alizarin red staining areas in MC3T3-E1 cells. In contrast, the 3-MA+LPS group showed lighter ALP staining and smaller alizarin red staining areas compared with the LPS group. Compared with the NC group, the siPink1 group exhibited decreased relative mRNA expression levels of autophagy- and osteogenesis-related genes, lighter ALP staining, and smaller alizarin red staining areas.Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, LPS stimulation of MC3T3-E1 cells led to increased relative expression levels of mitophagy-related genes Pink1 and Parkin. Activation of autophagy can partially restore the osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells.

The periosteum, a connective tissue layer covering bone surfaces, possesses excellent bone regeneration capabilities and serves as the primary reservoir of stem cells for bone repair. This review summarizes the organizational structure and physiological functions of the periosteum, with a focus on the cell markers and biological characteristics of periosteal stem cells (PSCs). In recent years, utilizing techniques such as single-cell sequencing, different subsets have been identified, and their good proliferation and multilineage differentiation potential have been revealed. The biological functions of PSCs are regulated by complex molecular signals. There may be interactions between different signals to orchestrate periosteal stem cell activities. Additionally, this review outlines the prospective applications of PSCs in bone tissue engineering. Future investigations should prioritize exploring the heterogeneity of PSCs and exploring the application of different PSCs subsets in both tissue engineering and clinical settings.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, accounting for 90% of all oral cancers. The disease is prone to recurrence, invasion, and metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50%–60%. The invasive front of OSCC is a critical region for tumor recurrence and metastasis, characterized by high heterogeneity and aggressiveness. Metabolic reprogramming in this area drives malignant progression and offers potential targets for the development of imaging biomarkers. This review summarizes the metabolic features of the invasive front and their underlying molecular mechanisms, with a focus on how aberrant activation of pathways such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism promotes tumor cell migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Additionally, it discusses the translational applications of metabolic traits at the OSCC invasive front as imaging biomarkers, including the application value of spatial metabolomics, Raman spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) in predicting tumor boundaries and visualizing metabolic profiles of the invasive front. In the future, integrating multi-omics data with imaging analysis may facilitate the development of clinical translation pathways based on metabolic markers of the invasive front, thereby providing new strategies for precise diagnosis, surgical navigation, and prognosis evaluation of OSCC, and advancing precision diagnosis and treatment for OSCC at the level of small-molecule metabolites.

This article focuses on the clinical prevention and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) [bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab]. Integrating domestic and international consensus guidelines with clinical practice, it proposes a comprehensive, risk-stratified prevention and management strategy. The article systematically analyzes the three major high-risk factors for MRONJ (medication-related, systemic, and local oral factors), emphasizing the difference in MRONJ risk associated with different drug regimens (low-dose vs. high-dose), and constructs a four-tier (R0–R3) risk stratification system accordingly. For each risk level, the paper elaborates on corresponding key focuses for oral screening, preventive interventions, indications for invasive procedures (such as tooth extraction), and perioperative management protocols. Specific guidance is provided for high-risk (R3) patients regarding drug holidays, radiographic evaluation, minimally invasive surgery, and wound management strategies. The aim of this article is to promote a shift in the clinical approach to MRONJ from a reactive treatment model to a proactive prevention model, providing systematic reference for dentists to effectively reduce the incidence of MRONJ while ensuring the treatment of patients' underlying systemic diseases.

The development, homeostasis maintenance, and damage repair of the skeletal system require continuous proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Although studies on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have accumulated substantial evidence over the past decades, the definition and markers of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) remain controversial. Recent advances in lineage tracing and bioinformatics technologies have facilitated the purification and functional investigation of SSCs. This review systematically summarizes different SSC populations based on their origins and markers, as well as their functions in skeletal development and repair.

Objective: To investigate the effects of catalpol on rat Schwann cell (RSC) and establish a catalpol/methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel, followed by in vitro evaluation of its biocompatibility and antioxidant properties.Methods: First, the optimal concentration of catalpol for acting on RSC96 cell (rat Schwann cell line) was determined through CCK8 assay. Subsequently, the effects of catalpol on RSC96 cell migration were analyzed by using scratch assay and Transwell assay. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess catalpol's influence on mRNA expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). An oxidative stress model was established using H₂O₂, and catalpol's antioxidant capacity was evaluated through CCK8 assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. Finally, the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant capacity of catalpol/GelMA hydrogel, along with its effects on RSC96 cell proliferation, were systematically investigated.Results: The optimal concentration of catalpol in GelMA for acting on RSC96 cells was determined to be 10 μmol/L. At this concentration, catalpol significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of RSC96 cell, upregulated mRNA expression levels of GFAP, NGF, BDNF and GDNF, and attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in RSC96 cells. The constructed catalpol/GelMA hydrogel demonstrated excellent capability for RSC96 cell encapsulation and exhibited favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, it effectively enhanced RSC96 cell proliferation and exerted protective effects against H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity.Conclusion: Catalpol/GelMA hydrogel has good in vitro cell biocompatibility and antioxidant properties.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of kangfuxin liquid combined with metronidazole in patients with impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) extraction. Methods: A total of 100 patients who underwent IMTM extraction surgery at our hospital from January 2022 to May 2023 were enrolled. They were divided into 3 groups according to different wound treatment regimens: Group A (packing with gelatin sponge) with 34 cases; Group B (kangfuxin liquid + gelatin sponge) with 30 cases; Group C (kangfuxin liquid + metronidazole + gelatin sponge) with 36 cases. The clinical data of the patients were collected. The chi-square test was used to compare granulation tissue coverage rates, dry socket syndrome and the incidence of complications 7 days after surgery. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the number of patients with limited opening 24 hours after surgery. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 24 hours after surgery, degree of facial swelling 24 hours after surgery, healing time of alveolar socket, height of alveolar bone, gray value of bone mineral density, width of alveolar bone, generic quality of life inventory-74 (GQOLI-74) scores. Results: Compared with group A, the VAS scores, the degree of facial swelling, the number of patients with grade Ⅲ limited opening 24 hours after the operation in Group B, and the healing time of the alveolar socket, the complete coverage rate of granulation tissue in the alveolar socket 7 days after the operation were significantly improved (P<0.05). Group C was superior to Group A and Group B in all the above indicators (P<0.05). The incidence of dry socket and other complications in Group B were lower than those in group A (P<0.05), while those in Group C were lower than those in both Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Three months after the operation, the alveolar bone heights in all three groups were lower than those before the operation (P<0.05), but those in Group B and Group C were higher than those in Group A (P<0.05). The gray values of bone mineral density were all higher than those before the operation (P<0.05), among which Group B was higher than Group A, and Group C was higher than both Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Seven days after the operation, the GQOLI-74 scores of all three groups were higher than those before the operation (P<0.05). The GQOLI-74 score of Group B was higher than that of Group A, and that of Group C was higher than that of Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Conclusion: Kangfuxin liquid combined with metronidazole can effectively promote the recovery of patients after IMTM extraction, prevent the occurrence of complications such as dry socket, and reduce the alveolar bone absorption to some extent.

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought about transformative technological advancements in the field of dental defect restoration. AI has significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of personalized restoration, driving the transition of dental rehabilitation from traditional methods toward digital and intelligent solutions. However, certain technical challenges remain that limit its effective translation into clinical practice. This review summarizes the current applications and unresolved issues of AI in the field of dental prosthodontics, aiming to provide insights for clinical reference.

Bone is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous bone remodeling throughout life to maintain bone homeostasis. Amino acids are the basic units of proteins, which play an important role in the regulation of material metabolism and information transfer, and amino acid metabolism is closely related to bone remodeling and the development of osteoporosis. Therefore, elucidating their linkages is not only essential for a full understanding of bone biology, but also helps to clarify the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and explore new therapeutic targets. In this paper, the research progress on the role of amino acid metabolism in bone remodeling and osteoporosis is reviewed.

Dental implantation has revolutionized the traditional prosthetic approach to tooth loss and is regarded as the optimal solution for replacing missing teeth and restoring oral function and aesthetics. With the swift development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and its profound integration with oral implantology, a growing number of studies have begun to explore the application of AI in the field of oral implantology, covering multiple aspects such as auxiliary diagnosis, treatment planning and surgical robotics. This review systematically introduces the multi-dimensional progress of AI in the digital and intelligent transformation of oral implantology in recent years and provides an outlook on its potential and research value.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of temporomandibular joint disc anchorage (DA) on the surface electromyography (sEMG) characteristics of the masticatory muscles and its clinical outcome.Methods: A total of twenty-three patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR) who underwent temporomandibular joint disc anchorage (DA) between December 2022 and January 2024 were collected to compare their preoperative, 3-month postoperative, and 6-month postoperative maximal interincisal opening (MIO), visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, mandibular border movement (BM) distance, and sEMG of anterior temporalis (TA) and masseter muscle (MM).Results: Patients' MIO increased at 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05), BM distance did not change significantly, VAS scores during wide mouth opening and in the preauricular region decreased compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05). In unilateral DA patients, the mean amplitude of TA sEMG was higher at 6 months postoperatively than that at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the mean MM sEMG amplitude was elevated on the non-operative side compared with preoperative and 3-month postoperative levels, and was reduced on the operative side compared with 3-month postoperative levels. The non-operative side showed higher amplitude than the operative side both preoperative and 6 months postoperatively, and lower amplitude at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). In bilateral DA patients, the mean TA sEMG amplitude decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05), and the mean MM sEMG amplitude decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels, but increased and was higher than the preoperative levels at 6 months postoperatively (P<0.05).Conclusion: DA can reduce the pain of ADDwoR patients, improve the mandibular motor function, and make the sEMG tend to be balanced and stable, with good clinical efficacy.

This article reports a clinical case of using autogenous tooth bone graft combined with concentrated growth factor (CGF) to treat bone defects after jaw cyst surgery. Postoperative follow-up imaging showed satisfactory bone formation in the surgical area, confirming that autogenous tooth bone graft combined with CGF can serve as an ideal filling material for bone defects after jaw cyst surgery, with good therapeutic effects and promotional value in clinical practice.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of implant placement guided by dynamic navigation by comparing digital intraoral scanning (IOS) with the traditional cone beam CT (CBCT)-based method, and to provide further evidence for the feasibility of using IOS as an evaluation tool.Methods: Sixty mandibular resin models were printed, and 2 implants (31 and 36) were placed in each model using dynamic computer-aided implant surgery. One hundred and twenty implants were placed. Postoperatively, the achieved implant positions were assessed using both CBCT and IOS. The implant deviations were then measured by importing the data into an accuracy analysis software.Results: Significant differences between CBCT and IOS were observed in global coronal and angular deviations (P<0.01), but not for the other deviations. The differences between the two methods were statistically significant for the global coronal, lateral coronal, and angular deviations (P<0.01) at site 31, and for the vertical coronal, vertical apical, and angular deviations (P<0.05) at site 36.Conclusion: The accuracy of the IOS-based evaluation method for measuring implant accuracy is consistent with that of the conventional CBCT assessment method and meets the clinical requirements. However, further clinical study is required to confirm the accuracy and feasibility of this method.

Intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma (IMC) is a rare malignant tumor of the jawbones and a rare subtype of salivary gland neoplasms. The pathogenesis of IMC remains unclear. Clinically, it needs to be differentiated from other jaw lesions such as odontogenic jaw cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumors, ameloblastomas, and central squamous cell carcinomas of the jaws. Radical surgery is considered the optimal treatment. This article reports a case of well-differentiated IMC of the mandible and discusses its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options based on relevant literature.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the transverse incision technique for harvesting forearm flaps on donor-site function and appearance.Methods: A total of twelve patients with oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects who underwent forearm flap harvesting using the transverse subcutaneous tunnel technique at our hospital between July 2020 and July 2023 were included. Postoperative flap survival was observed. Six months after surgery, hand motor function (finger extension, fist clenching, wrist rotation, and flexion) and sensory function were assessed for any limitations or abnormalities. Patient satisfaction with the forearm donor-site appearance was evaluated through a self-reported questionnaire.Results: The flap survival rate was 100% (12/12). Two patients experienced numbness and tingling in the hand one week postoperatively, but symptoms resolved within three months. At 6-month postoperative follow-up, none of the patients exhibited motor or sensory dysfunction in the hand. Patients reported high satisfaction with the donor-site appearance, with an average satisfaction score of 8.9 on the questionnaire.Conclusion: The transverse incision technique for forearm flap harvesting ensures reliable flap viability without leaving long, conspicuous longitudinal scars. This method minimizes surgical trauma, shortens donor-site healing time, and represents a dependable approach for reconstructing oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of decompression combined with secondary curettage for the treatment of large jaw cysts, and analyze the impact of this technique on patients' perioperative outcomes and recurrence rates. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, collecting clinical data from 80 patients with large jaw cysts admitted to our hospital between May 2021 and September 2023. Based on the surgical approach, patients were divided into two groups: 38 patients treated with conventional curettage were assigned to the conventional curettage group, while 42 patients treated with decompression combined with secondary curettage were assigned to the study group. The two groups were compared regarding treatment effectiveness, postoperative inflammatory markers, complication rates, bone recovery status (bone formation thickness, bone density, reduction rate of the cystic cavity), and cyst recurrence rate. Quality of life was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: The treatment effectiveness rate in the study group (92.86%) was higher than that in the conventional curettage group (76.32%) (P<0.05). On postoperative day 3, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the study group were all lower than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate in the study group (4.76%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional curettage group (21.05%) (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the bone formation thickness, bone density, and reduction rate of the cystic cavity in the study group were significantly higher than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.001). All domain scores of the SF-36 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in the study group (2.38%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional curettage group (18.42%) (P<0.01). Conclusion: Decompression combined with secondary curettage is an effective treatment for large jaw cysts. It can effectively reduce postoperative inflammatory response, promote bone repair, improve patients' quality of life, and significantly lower the incidence of complications and recurrence.

Objective: To investigate the formation of stress granule (SG) in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under stress, and its effect on the apoptosis, the expression of inflammatory factors, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.Methods: Sodium arsenite (SA) was used to induce SG formation in hPDLCs, and immunofluorescence staining was used to quantify SG formation. Live and dead cell staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the localization and expression of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) in hPDLCs to evaluate the effect of SG formation on apoptosis. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression changes of inflammatory-related cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) during LPS stimulation. ROS detection was used to assess the effect of SG on LPS-induced ROS levels of hPDLCs.Results: SA successfully induced SG formation in hPDLCs. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that Caspase-3 was localized in SG, which significantly inhibited the apoptosis of hPDLCs. RT-qPCR results indicated that SG could downregulate the mRNA relative expression of LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines in hPDLCs. ROS detection showed that SG inhibited LPS-induced ROS generation in hPDLCs.Conclusion: SG can protect hPDLCs from stress-induced apoptosis and inhibit the expression of LPS-triggered inflammatory-related factors and ROS generation.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of the modified socket-shield technique (MSST) in the immediate implant placement of single teeth in the anterior esthetic zone, and to discuss the related technical points. Methods: Five cases of immediate implant placement using MSST in the anterior esthetic zone from December 2022 to December 2023 were reviewed. The alveolar bone remodeling around implants was evaluated by imaging analysis. The esthetic effect of peri-implant soft tissue was evaluated by pink esthetic score (PES). The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the patients' subjective evaluation of the postoperative reaction (pain, swelling, etc.), the final repair effect and the whole treatment process. Results: Radiographic analysis showed that all implant sites achieved good osseointegration. The average vertical change of the labial alveolar bone of the implant at 6 months postoperatively was (0.18±0.15) mm. The average horizontal changes of labial alveolar bone at 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the implant shoulder were (0.39±0.17), (0.18±0.23), (0.22±0.18) mm, respectively. The average change of alveolar bone width at implant shoulder level was (0.10±0.10) mm. The average PES score was (12.40±1.34) points, and satisfactory esthetic results were obtained in all implant sites. The VAS score showed that the subjective satisfaction of patients was high. Conclusion: The application of MSST in immediate implant placement in the anterior aesthetic area can effectively maintain the bone volume and soft tissue contour around the implant, and is a feasible technical solution for aesthetic area implant restoration.

Periodontitis often leads to irreversible damage, and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) remains the primary therapeutic strategy for reconstructing lost hard tissue and periodontal attachment. However, current GTR membranes still face multiple limitations in complex clinical applications, highlighting the urgent need for the development of advanced GTR membranes with improved performance. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in GTR membranes from four key aspects, aiming to provide insights and perspectives for the future improvement and innovation of GTR membrane design.

Parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a deep anatomical compartment in the head and neck region, containing critical structures such as the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves. Primary tumors in this area are relatively rare. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for tumors in this region, and selecting an appropriate surgical approach is crucial for ensuring safe tumor removal and minimizing postoperative complications. Based on recent literatures and the clinical experiences of our team, this article systematically reviews and discusses the main surgical approaches based on the three-dimensional compartmentalization of the PPS, aiming to provide a reference for selecting appropriate clinical surgical strategies.

Objective: To investigate the possible risk factors leading to adverse outcomes in patients with oral and maxillofacial space infection (OMSI) and to provide references for clinical prevention and treatment. Methods: The clinical data of 320 patients with OMSI who were admitted from January 2012 to October 2022 were collected. The χ² test was used to analyze the effects of patient sex, age, time from infection onset to medical consultation, affected anatomical spaces, infection etiology, number of involved spaces, bacterial culture results, whether diabetes mellitus (DM) was present, whether incision and drainage was performed, C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil percentage (NEUT%), white blood cell count (WBC) on patient hospitalization outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was further performed to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes in OMSI patients. Results: This study included a total of 320 patients, 49 (15.3%) had adverse outcomes, which included 24 cases of severe complications, 32 cases of hospitalization exceeding 15 days, and 1 death. The χ² test indicated that age, number of involved spaces, whether DM was present, whether incision and drainage was performed, WBC, NEUT% and CRP were risk factors for adverse outcomes in OMSI patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that comorbid DM, no performance of incision and drainage, and NEUT exceeding 90% were independent risk factors for adverse outcomes in OMSI patients. Conclusion: The likelihood of adverse outcomes is relatively high in OMSI patients. Comorbid DM, absence of incision and drainage, and NEUT exceeding 90% were significant risk factors for adverse outcomes in these patients.

Numerous epidemiological studies have confirmed an correlation between periodontitis and hypertension. Moderate to severe periodontitis is not only associated with an increased risk of hypertension and elevated blood pressure levels, but the hypertensive state itself may also exacerbate the degree of inflammation in periodontal tissues. This article will review the research progress on the association between periodontitis and hypertension from two aspects: The relationship between hypertension and periodontitis, and the role of periodontitis in vascular endothelial dysfunction.

Objective: To investigate the effect of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) gene on the polarization of mouse macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Mouse monocyte line RAW264.7 cells were cultured in vitro and induced by polarization, and the expression level of NAT10 was observed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The NAT10 inhibitor Remodelin hydrobromide was used to inhibit the expression of NAT10, and its effect on the polarization of RAW264.7 cells was observed. A model of periodontitis was established using silk thread ligation, while Remodelin hydrobromide was injected simultaneously. The mice were randomly divided into control group, periodontitis group, control medication group and periodontitis medication group. After 7 days, their mandibles were taken for RT-qPCR, micro-CT analysis and histological staining. Results: NAT10 was highly expressed in mouse M2 macrophages. Compared with the control group, the periodontitis group showed decreased NAT10 expression in alveolar bone tissue, along with reduced proportions of NAT10-positive cells in the furcation area and lower percentages of NAT10/F4/80 double-positive cells. The concentration gradient experiment showed that 10 μmol/L Remodelin hydrobromide had the best inhibition efficiency. After adding Remodelin hydrobromide, the expression of M1 macrophage-associated genes increased and M2 macrophage-associated genes decreased in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of NAT10 expression enhanced alveolar bone destruction in a mouse model of periodontitis; the proportion of CD86-positive cells at the root bifurcation increased; the proportion of CD163-positive cells decreased. Conclusion: The expression of NAT10 significantly increased in RAW264.7 cells after M2 polarization, and significantly decreased in the mouse periodontitis alveolar bone. Inhibiting the expression of NAT10 can promote M1 polarization of macrophages, inhibit M2 polarization, and notably exacerbate alveolar bone destruction in mice with periodontitis.

From January 2017 to May 2023, our institution treated 46 patients with zygomatic-arch fractures using a periorbital mini-incision approach. Titanium plate systems were employed for rigid internal fixation in all cases. Postoperative evaluations confirmed anatomical reduction in all 46 patients. Follow-up results demonstrated that all patients achieved satisfactory facial contour recovery with no significant scar formation and excellent incision healing. This study summarizes and analyzes our clinical experience in treating these cases.

Objective: To screen and identify key genes associated with prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: The clinical data and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of HNSCC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were randomly divided into training set (cohortⅠ, n=228) and validation set (cohortⅡ, n=98). The prognostic seed genes were determined using random survival forest (RSF) models and Cox proportional hazards models, and the key genes related to prognosis were further screened using a forward selection modes. The survival risk scoring system was constructed using the selected key genes, and these genes were subsequently validated and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. The expression of the key genes was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the human oral epithelial keratinocytes (HOK cell line) and the human tongue squamous carcinoma cell (CAL27 cell line). Results: Twelve prognosis-related key genes were identified. Patients in the high-risk group had a significantly poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.19 in CohortⅡ (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression level of the key genes between the HOK cell line and the CAL27 cell line (P<0.05). Conclusion: Twelve key genes affecting the prognosis of HNSCC patients were identified through a machine learning model and may serve as prognostic biomarkers for HNSCC.

Objective: To investigate the application and efficacy of a temporary screw and steel wire traction technique during reduction surgery for mandibular condylar neck fractures. Methods: A total of eight patients with condylar neck fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation in our department between June 2023 and May 2024 were selected for this study. The operative time for condylar fracture reduction was recorded, and postoperative follow-up was conducted for six months to assess the recovery of mouth opening and occlusal relationships. Results: All patients successfully underwent surgery, with an average reduction and fixation time of 50 minutes. At the six-month follow-up, significant improvements in mouth opening and occlusal relationships were observed. Conclusion: The temporary screw and steel wire traction technique effectively facilitates the reduction of mandibular condylar neck fractures, and its operation is less restricted by the surgical approach for condylar fractures.

Objective: To investigate the effects of cathepsin K (Ctsk) on the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of jaw bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (JBMMSCs) in mice. Methods: Mouse JBMMSCs were cultured and identified in vitro. Third-passage (P3) cells were subjected to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic tri-lineage induction. The expression of Ctsk was detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was used to knockdown Ctsk expression in JBMMSCs, with knockdown efficiency verified by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK8 assay, and cell migration was evaluated via scratch wound healing assay. The expression of key genes during tri-lineage differentiation was detected by RT-qPCR. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was used to assess osteogenic mineralization, Alcian blue staining was applied to evaluate cartilage matrix secretion, and oil red O staining was employed to examine lipid droplet formation. Results: Ctsk expression increased after osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, but decreased after adipogenic induction. Following Ctsk knockdown, cellular migration, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis were attenuated, but proliferation and adipogenic ability were enhanced. Conclusion: Ctsk promotes the migration, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis in mouse JBMMSCs, but inhibits their proliferation and adipogenic differentiation.

Objective: To investigate whether long intergenic non-coding RNA-EPS (lincRNA-EPS) affects microglial inflammatory response induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (P.g-LPS). Methods: Mouse microglia cell lines (BV-2 cells) were stimulated with P.g-LPS in vitro and the expression changes of lincRNA-EPS were detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). BV-2 cells were transfected with plasmids to construct lincRNA-EPS overexpressed BV-2 cells. The effects of lincRNA-EPS overexpression on P.g-LPS-induced migration ability of BV-2 cells were observed by cell scratch assay, and the expression changes of inflammation-related genes interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase-1 (Arg1), nuclear factor kappa B protein family member p65 (NF-κB p65) and phosphorylated p65 (pp65) were detected by RT‐ qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The subcellular localization of p65 in BV-2 cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results: The expression of lincRNA-EPS was down-regulated after in vitro P.g-LPS induction of BV-2 cells (P<0.05). Overexpression of lincRNA-EPS significantly inhibited the P.g-LPS-induced migration of BV-2 cells and the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS (P<0.05). In contrast, the expression of Arg1 was up-regulated at resting state (P<0.05). After overexpression of lincRNA-EPS, the expression of total p65 in BV-2 cells was not significantly changed, while the p65 in the nucleus and pp65 expression were decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that lincRNA-EPS can attenuate the inflammatory response of BV-2 cells stimulated by P.g-LPS in vitro by inhibiting the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with an unknown etiology. It can involve multiple organs/systems. This is a clinical report presenting surgical treatment and reconstruction with a vascularized fibular musculocutaneous flap in an adult patient with mandibular LCH. The patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI) after surgery. Based on relevant literature, the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment strategies of LCH are systematically discussed in this article.

Titanium and titanium alloy are the predominant materials for dental implants. However, in long-term applications, they are associated with issues such as the release of titanium particles, potential induction of immune responses, and aesthetic drawbacks. Zirconia implants, by contrast, present a promising alternative due to their tooth-like color, excellent mechanical properties, and high biocompatibility, and have gradually been applied in clinical practice. Currently, most zirconia implants adopt a one-piece design. With the advancements in processing and material science, newly developed two-piece zirconia implants offer greater restorative flexibility and a broader range of indications compared to one-piece zirconia implants. This paper reviews relevant domestic and international literature and summarizes the current research on the mechanical properties, biological properties, and clinical outcomes of two-piece zirconia implants, aiming to provide a reference for clinicians.

Dental calculus is a significant contributor to periodontal disease, making its accurate identification crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Traditional methods for identifying dental calculus have the problems of strong subjectivity and low accuracy, especially when it comes to detecting calculus in the concealed subgingival areas, which cannot meet the demands of modern clinical practice. Recently, optical detection technology has attracted widespread attention due to its non-invasive and high-sensitivity characteristics. A variety of optical techniques have provided new ideas for the identification of dental calculus, such as polarization detection, optical coherence tomography (OCT), differential reflectometry, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), and fluorescence spectroscopy systems. Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) technology, particularly the combination of machine learning and deep learning with optical techniques, has significantly enhanced the level of automation and intelligence in the identification of dental calculus. This review provides the current mainstream methods for identifying dental calculus, compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, and looks forward to the future development direction. This work aims to guide research and clinical application of dental calculus detection technologies.

Objective: To develop and validate a nomogram prediction model based on gingival carcinoma patient data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute in the United States, and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: The basic information, clinical information, and follow-up data of patients diagnosed with gingival carcinoma between 2004 and 2018 was downloaded from the SEER database, and the patients were randomly divided into a modeling group (70%) and a validation group (30%). Through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, variables were screened to determine independent prognostic risk factors for gingival carcinoma patients, and a nomogram was constructed. The prediction model was evaluated from three perspectives: Discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability. X-Tile software was used for risk stratification of the gingival carcinoma patients. Results: This study included 3 334 patients with gingival carcinoma, with 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year survival rates of 59.03%, 48.89%, and 30.09%, respectively. The concordance index (C-index) of the modeling group and validation group was 0.716 and 0.715, respectively; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting the 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year overall survival rates of gingival carcinoma patients in the modeling group was 0.758, 0.759, and 0.769, respectively. In the validation group, they were 0.746, 0.764, and 0.788, respectively. The C-index and AUC of the nomogram were higher than those of the traditional TNM staging system (P<0.001). The calibration curve results indicate that the nomogram model has good predictive accuracy. The decision curve analysis (DCA) results show that the nomogram has good clinical application value and is superior to the traditional TNM staging system.Patients were divided into low-risk group (<118.4 points), medium-risk group (118.4-213.6 points), and high-risk group (>213.6 points) based on the cutoff value of the total score in the nomogram. There was a statistically significant difference in survival rate among the three groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Age, marital status, histological grading, T stage, N stage, surgical status, and radiotherapy status are factors affecting the survival of patients with gingival carcinoma. The nomogram prediction model constructed in this study can provide reference for predicting the prognosis of gingival carcinoma patients.

Objective: To investigate the effect of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) on alveolar bone remodeling after mandibular ramus osteotomy. Methods: The rat model of unilateral mandibular ramus osteotomy was established in vivo , and the rats were divided into the surgical group and the sham surgical group. Mouse RAW264.7 cells were induced to differentiate into osteoclasts and divided into normoxia group, hypoxia group, hypoxia + knockout (KO) group, hypoxia + siNC group, hypoxia + siLDHA group. The number of osteoclasts and LDHA expression levels in the local alveolar bone were detected using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunofluorescence staining. The effects of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) on LDHA expression in osteoclasts under hypoxic conditions were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blotting, and TRAP staining. The impact of LDHA expression levels on the expression of osteoclast-specific genes was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. Results: The osteoclasts in alveolar bone were active after mandibular ramus osteotomy, and the level of LDHA in alveolar osteoclasts increased after operation. Under hypoxic conditions in vitro, LDHA expression in osteoclasts was significantly increased compared to the normoxia group, and osteoclast differentiation capacity was also enhanced. Compared to the hypoxia group, the expression of osteoclast-specific genes was suppressed in the hypoxia + siLDHA group. Conclusion: LDHA after mandibular ramus osteotomy can accelerate alveolar bone remodeling by promoting osteoclast formation.

Calcium phosphate, due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, can be used as the implant coating to improve osseointegration. However, the calcium phosphate coating still faces problems such as exfoliating and insufficient adhesion strength to the metal substrate in practical applications. This article aims to systematically review the relevant factors that affect the adhesion strength between the calcium phosphate coatings and the implant surfaces.

Objective: To investigate the effects of resveratrol (Res) combined with NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235) on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the oral mucosal malignant melanoma (OMM) cell line Mm9h-1, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Cell viability after drug treatment was detected using the CCK8 assay to determine drug concentrations and group assignments. The following groups were established for 48-hour treatment: Control group, 100 μmol/L Res group, 1.0 μmol/L BEZ235 group, and combination group (C1 group: 100 μmol/L Res+1.0 μmol/L BEZ235). The scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Hoechst staining was applied to observe cell death morphology, and Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Results: Both Res and BEZ235 alone inhibited multiple biological behaviors of Mm9h-1 cells. Compared with the Control, 100 μmol/L Res, and 1.0 μmol/L BEZ235 groups, the C1 group showed significantly reduced cell viability, invasion, and migration capabilities, along with significantly upregulated expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Conclusion: The combination of Res and BEZ235 inhibits Mm9h-1 cell survival, invasion, and migration more effectively than either agent alone, and more potently induces apoptosis.

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is a highly dangerous infectious disease characterized by acute onset, rapid progression, and life-threatening severity. This article reports a case of CNF with acidosis in a diabetic patient caused by pericoronitis. Based on relevant research data, we thoroughly investigate the critical role of early diagnosis of CNF in the treatment process.

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of a concealed pre-tragal incision combined with a trans-cartilaginous approach in the treatment of sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 40 patients with mandibular condylar fracture admitted to Tangshan Second Hospital from January 2021 to June 2023. All patients underwent rigid internal fixation via the concealed pre-tragal incision combined with a trans-cartilaginous approach. They were systematically followed up for 6 months postoperatively. Evaluation indicators included mandibular movement function (occlusal relationship, maximum mouth opening, mouth opening pattern), facial nerve function, imaging findings, postoperative complications (abnormal pain, infection, salivary fistula, Frey syndrome, great auricular nerve paresthesia), and patient satisfaction with the appearance of the incision. Results: All patients achieved good recovery of occlusal relationship. At 6 months after surgery, the maximum mouth opening reached (38.50±1.65) mm, which was significantly increased compared with that before surgery (P<0.001), and the mouth opening pattern showed no deviation. Postoperatively, only 1 case (2.5%) exhibited transient forehead wrinkle shallowing, which recovered after drug treatment, and no permanent facial nerve injury occurred. Imaging examination showed that all patients achieved anatomical reduction, the internal fixation was in good position, and the fracture healed satisfactorily. No complications occurred in any patient during the follow-up period. The patient satisfaction score with the appearance of the incision was 10 points (full score), with a satisfaction rate of 100%. Conclusion: The concealed pre-tragal incision combined with the trans-cartilaginous approach for the treatment of sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle offers the advantages of minimal trauma, few complications, and excellent aesthetic outcomes, making it a safe and effective surgical option.