This article focuses on the clinical prevention and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) [bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab]. Integrating domestic and international consensus guidelines with clinical practice, it proposes a comprehensive, risk-stratified prevention and management strategy. The article systematically analyzes the three major high-risk factors for MRONJ (medication-related, systemic, and local oral factors), emphasizing the difference in MRONJ risk associated with different drug regimens (low-dose vs. high-dose), and constructs a four-tier (R0–R3) risk stratification system accordingly. For each risk level, the paper elaborates on corresponding key focuses for oral screening, preventive interventions, indications for invasive procedures (such as tooth extraction), and perioperative management protocols. Specific guidance is provided for high-risk (R3) patients regarding drug holidays, radiographic evaluation, minimally invasive surgery, and wound management strategies. The aim of this article is to promote a shift in the clinical approach to MRONJ from a reactive treatment model to a proactive prevention model, providing systematic reference for dentists to effectively reduce the incidence of MRONJ while ensuring the treatment of patients' underlying systemic diseases.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, accounting for 90% of all oral cancers. The disease is prone to recurrence, invasion, and metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50%–60%. The invasive front of OSCC is a critical region for tumor recurrence and metastasis, characterized by high heterogeneity and aggressiveness. Metabolic reprogramming in this area drives malignant progression and offers potential targets for the development of imaging biomarkers. This review summarizes the metabolic features of the invasive front and their underlying molecular mechanisms, with a focus on how aberrant activation of pathways such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism promotes tumor cell migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Additionally, it discusses the translational applications of metabolic traits at the OSCC invasive front as imaging biomarkers, including the application value of spatial metabolomics, Raman spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) in predicting tumor boundaries and visualizing metabolic profiles of the invasive front. In the future, integrating multi-omics data with imaging analysis may facilitate the development of clinical translation pathways based on metabolic markers of the invasive front, thereby providing new strategies for precise diagnosis, surgical navigation, and prognosis evaluation of OSCC, and advancing precision diagnosis and treatment for OSCC at the level of small-molecule metabolites.

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought about transformative technological advancements in the field of dental defect restoration. AI has significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of personalized restoration, driving the transition of dental rehabilitation from traditional methods toward digital and intelligent solutions. However, certain technical challenges remain that limit its effective translation into clinical practice. This review summarizes the current applications and unresolved issues of AI in the field of dental prosthodontics, aiming to provide insights for clinical reference.

Dental implantation has revolutionized the traditional prosthetic approach to tooth loss and is regarded as the optimal solution for replacing missing teeth and restoring oral function and aesthetics. With the swift development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and its profound integration with oral implantology, a growing number of studies have begun to explore the application of AI in the field of oral implantology, covering multiple aspects such as auxiliary diagnosis, treatment planning and surgical robotics. This review systematically introduces the multi-dimensional progress of AI in the digital and intelligent transformation of oral implantology in recent years and provides an outlook on its potential and research value.

Parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a deep anatomical compartment in the head and neck region, containing critical structures such as the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves. Primary tumors in this area are relatively rare. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for tumors in this region, and selecting an appropriate surgical approach is crucial for ensuring safe tumor removal and minimizing postoperative complications. Based on recent literatures and the clinical experiences of our team, this article systematically reviews and discusses the main surgical approaches based on the three-dimensional compartmentalization of the PPS, aiming to provide a reference for selecting appropriate clinical surgical strategies.

Titanium and titanium alloy are the predominant materials for dental implants. However, in long-term applications, they are associated with issues such as the release of titanium particles, potential induction of immune responses, and aesthetic drawbacks. Zirconia implants, by contrast, present a promising alternative due to their tooth-like color, excellent mechanical properties, and high biocompatibility, and have gradually been applied in clinical practice. Currently, most zirconia implants adopt a one-piece design. With the advancements in processing and material science, newly developed two-piece zirconia implants offer greater restorative flexibility and a broader range of indications compared to one-piece zirconia implants. This paper reviews relevant domestic and international literature and summarizes the current research on the mechanical properties, biological properties, and clinical outcomes of two-piece zirconia implants, aiming to provide a reference for clinicians.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of decompression combined with secondary curettage for the treatment of large jaw cysts, and analyze the impact of this technique on patients' perioperative outcomes and recurrence rates. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, collecting clinical data from 80 patients with large jaw cysts admitted to our hospital between May 2021 and September 2023. Based on the surgical approach, patients were divided into two groups: 38 patients treated with conventional curettage were assigned to the conventional curettage group, while 42 patients treated with decompression combined with secondary curettage were assigned to the study group. The two groups were compared regarding treatment effectiveness, postoperative inflammatory markers, complication rates, bone recovery status (bone formation thickness, bone density, reduction rate of the cystic cavity), and cyst recurrence rate. Quality of life was assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: The treatment effectiveness rate in the study group (92.86%) was higher than that in the conventional curettage group (76.32%) (P<0.05). On postoperative day 3, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the study group were all lower than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate in the study group (4.76%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional curettage group (21.05%) (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the bone formation thickness, bone density, and reduction rate of the cystic cavity in the study group were significantly higher than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.001). All domain scores of the SF-36 in the study group were significantly higher than those in the conventional curettage group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in the study group (2.38%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional curettage group (18.42%) (P<0.01). Conclusion: Decompression combined with secondary curettage is an effective treatment for large jaw cysts. It can effectively reduce postoperative inflammatory response, promote bone repair, improve patients' quality of life, and significantly lower the incidence of complications and recurrence.

Objective: To investigate the possible risk factors leading to adverse outcomes in patients with oral and maxillofacial space infection (OMSI) and to provide references for clinical prevention and treatment. Methods: The clinical data of 320 patients with OMSI who were admitted from January 2012 to October 2022 were collected. The χ² test was used to analyze the effects of patient sex, age, time from infection onset to medical consultation, affected anatomical spaces, infection etiology, number of involved spaces, bacterial culture results, whether diabetes mellitus (DM) was present, whether incision and drainage was performed, C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil percentage (NEUT%), white blood cell count (WBC) on patient hospitalization outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was further performed to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes in OMSI patients. Results: This study included a total of 320 patients, 49 (15.3%) had adverse outcomes, which included 24 cases of severe complications, 32 cases of hospitalization exceeding 15 days, and 1 death. The χ² test indicated that age, number of involved spaces, whether DM was present, whether incision and drainage was performed, WBC, NEUT% and CRP were risk factors for adverse outcomes in OMSI patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that comorbid DM, no performance of incision and drainage, and NEUT exceeding 90% were independent risk factors for adverse outcomes in OMSI patients. Conclusion: The likelihood of adverse outcomes is relatively high in OMSI patients. Comorbid DM, absence of incision and drainage, and NEUT exceeding 90% were significant risk factors for adverse outcomes in these patients.

Objective: To screen and identify key genes associated with prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: The clinical data and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of HNSCC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were randomly divided into training set (cohortⅠ, n=228) and validation set (cohortⅡ, n=98). The prognostic seed genes were determined using random survival forest (RSF) models and Cox proportional hazards models, and the key genes related to prognosis were further screened using a forward selection modes. The survival risk scoring system was constructed using the selected key genes, and these genes were subsequently validated and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. The expression of the key genes was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the human oral epithelial keratinocytes (HOK cell line) and the human tongue squamous carcinoma cell (CAL27 cell line). Results: Twelve prognosis-related key genes were identified. Patients in the high-risk group had a significantly poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.19 in CohortⅡ (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression level of the key genes between the HOK cell line and the CAL27 cell line (P<0.05). Conclusion: Twelve key genes affecting the prognosis of HNSCC patients were identified through a machine learning model and may serve as prognostic biomarkers for HNSCC.

Numerous epidemiological studies have confirmed an correlation between periodontitis and hypertension. Moderate to severe periodontitis is not only associated with an increased risk of hypertension and elevated blood pressure levels, but the hypertensive state itself may also exacerbate the degree of inflammation in periodontal tissues. This article will review the research progress on the association between periodontitis and hypertension from two aspects: The relationship between hypertension and periodontitis, and the role of periodontitis in vascular endothelial dysfunction.

Objective: To develop and validate a nomogram prediction model based on gingival carcinoma patient data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute in the United States, and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: The basic information, clinical information, and follow-up data of patients diagnosed with gingival carcinoma between 2004 and 2018 was downloaded from the SEER database, and the patients were randomly divided into a modeling group (70%) and a validation group (30%). Through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, variables were screened to determine independent prognostic risk factors for gingival carcinoma patients, and a nomogram was constructed. The prediction model was evaluated from three perspectives: Discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability. X-Tile software was used for risk stratification of the gingival carcinoma patients. Results: This study included 3 334 patients with gingival carcinoma, with 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year survival rates of 59.03%, 48.89%, and 30.09%, respectively. The concordance index (C-index) of the modeling group and validation group was 0.716 and 0.715, respectively; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting the 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year overall survival rates of gingival carcinoma patients in the modeling group was 0.758, 0.759, and 0.769, respectively. In the validation group, they were 0.746, 0.764, and 0.788, respectively. The C-index and AUC of the nomogram were higher than those of the traditional TNM staging system (P<0.001). The calibration curve results indicate that the nomogram model has good predictive accuracy. The decision curve analysis (DCA) results show that the nomogram has good clinical application value and is superior to the traditional TNM staging system.Patients were divided into low-risk group (<118.4 points), medium-risk group (118.4-213.6 points), and high-risk group (>213.6 points) based on the cutoff value of the total score in the nomogram. There was a statistically significant difference in survival rate among the three groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: Age, marital status, histological grading, T stage, N stage, surgical status, and radiotherapy status are factors affecting the survival of patients with gingival carcinoma. The nomogram prediction model constructed in this study can provide reference for predicting the prognosis of gingival carcinoma patients.

Objective: To investigate the effects of resveratrol (Res) combined with NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235) on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the oral mucosal malignant melanoma (OMM) cell line Mm9h-1, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Cell viability after drug treatment was detected using the CCK8 assay to determine drug concentrations and group assignments. The following groups were established for 48-hour treatment: Control group, 100 μmol/L Res group, 1.0 μmol/L BEZ235 group, and combination group (C1 group: 100 μmol/L Res+1.0 μmol/L BEZ235). The scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Hoechst staining was applied to observe cell death morphology, and Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Results: Both Res and BEZ235 alone inhibited multiple biological behaviors of Mm9h-1 cells. Compared with the Control, 100 μmol/L Res, and 1.0 μmol/L BEZ235 groups, the C1 group showed significantly reduced cell viability, invasion, and migration capabilities, along with significantly upregulated expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Conclusion: The combination of Res and BEZ235 inhibits Mm9h-1 cell survival, invasion, and migration more effectively than either agent alone, and more potently induces apoptosis.

Objective: To investigate the effects of cathepsin K (Ctsk) on the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of jaw bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (JBMMSCs) in mice. Methods: Mouse JBMMSCs were cultured and identified in vitro. Third-passage (P3) cells were subjected to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic tri-lineage induction. The expression of Ctsk was detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was used to knockdown Ctsk expression in JBMMSCs, with knockdown efficiency verified by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK8 assay, and cell migration was evaluated via scratch wound healing assay. The expression of key genes during tri-lineage differentiation was detected by RT-qPCR. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was used to assess osteogenic mineralization, Alcian blue staining was applied to evaluate cartilage matrix secretion, and oil red O staining was employed to examine lipid droplet formation. Results: Ctsk expression increased after osteogenic and chondrogenic induction, but decreased after adipogenic induction. Following Ctsk knockdown, cellular migration, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis were attenuated, but proliferation and adipogenic ability were enhanced. Conclusion: Ctsk promotes the migration, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis in mouse JBMMSCs, but inhibits their proliferation and adipogenic differentiation.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of deep learning (DL) in detecting periodontal radiographic bone loss (RBL). Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant studies, the search covered the period from the inception of each database until March 2024, with language restrictions set to English. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: A total of 19 articles meeting the criteria were included for full-text screening, with 8 of them being incorporated into the Meta-analysis. The Meta-analysis results showed that the DL models achieved a sensitivity of 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.79 to 0.90] and a specificity of 0.83 (95% CI=0.75 to 0.91) in the classification of periodontitis. The summary receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (SROC-AUC) was 0.92 (95% CI=0.89 to 0.94). Conclusion: DL models demonstrate good accuracy and sensitivity in detecting periodontal RBL.

Following tooth loss, alveolar bone resorption often necessitates bone augmentation procedures, either prior to or during implant placement, to establish adequate foundation for implantation. However, common postoperative complications include wound dehiscence and membrane exposure, alongside significant patient discomfort such as swelling and pain. The implementation of a split-thickness soft tissue flap design facilitates tension-free closure while obviating the need for horizontal periosteal releasing incisions. This approach effectively preserves the blood supply to the surgical site and mitigates postoperative adverse reactions. This article systematically reviews the classification of split-thickness flap techniques and their respective indications, aiming to provide clinical guidance for incision design and soft tissue management in bone augmentation for dental implants.

The diagnosis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) currently lacks a globally unified "gold standard", with discrepancies existing among the consensus statements or guidelines of various academic societies. This diagnostic challenge is particularly pronounced for MRONJ cases without clinically evident bone exposure. According to the 2022 position paper of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS), the diagnosis of MRONJ includes "intraoral or extraoral fistula that probes to bone" as a clinical manifestation in the absence of overt bone exposure. However, in clinical practice, MRONJ presenting with periapical fistula closely resembles periapical periodontitis, making differentiation difficult. Moreover, some MRONJ cases without bone exposure exhibit concealed drainage pathways located in periodontal pockets or the maxillary sinus, without typical fistula formation, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis. To address these issues, this article defines "non-exposed" MRONJ as a subtype of MRONJ characterized by the absence of overt bone exposure but the presence of fistulae that probe to bone or other concealed purulent drainage pathways, with non-specific symptoms and characteristic imaging changes. This article systematically analyzes the diagnostic challenges of this variant, synthesizes key differentiating features from medical history, clinical manifestations, and imaging findings to differentiate from odontogenic infections, and discusses the role of diagnostic treatment. Finally, a clinical pathway is proposed to facilitate the early identification of "non-exposed" MRONJ. It should be emphasized that "non-exposed" MRONJ is distinct from the AAOMS-defined stage 0 disease and does not represent an early phase of MRONJ. Clarifying the concept of "non-exposed" MRONJ may improve the overall diagnostic rate of MRONJ and reduce medicolegal disputes arising from misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

Calcium phosphate, due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, can be used as the implant coating to improve osseointegration. However, the calcium phosphate coating still faces problems such as exfoliating and insufficient adhesion strength to the metal substrate in practical applications. This article aims to systematically review the relevant factors that affect the adhesion strength between the calcium phosphate coatings and the implant surfaces.

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of a concealed pre-tragal incision combined with a trans-cartilaginous approach in the treatment of sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 40 patients with mandibular condylar fracture admitted to Tangshan Second Hospital from January 2021 to June 2023. All patients underwent rigid internal fixation via the concealed pre-tragal incision combined with a trans-cartilaginous approach. They were systematically followed up for 6 months postoperatively. Evaluation indicators included mandibular movement function (occlusal relationship, maximum mouth opening, mouth opening pattern), facial nerve function, imaging findings, postoperative complications (abnormal pain, infection, salivary fistula, Frey syndrome, great auricular nerve paresthesia), and patient satisfaction with the appearance of the incision. Results: All patients achieved good recovery of occlusal relationship. At 6 months after surgery, the maximum mouth opening reached (38.50±1.65) mm, which was significantly increased compared with that before surgery (P<0.001), and the mouth opening pattern showed no deviation. Postoperatively, only 1 case (2.5%) exhibited transient forehead wrinkle shallowing, which recovered after drug treatment, and no permanent facial nerve injury occurred. Imaging examination showed that all patients achieved anatomical reduction, the internal fixation was in good position, and the fracture healed satisfactorily. No complications occurred in any patient during the follow-up period. The patient satisfaction score with the appearance of the incision was 10 points (full score), with a satisfaction rate of 100%. Conclusion: The concealed pre-tragal incision combined with the trans-cartilaginous approach for the treatment of sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle offers the advantages of minimal trauma, few complications, and excellent aesthetic outcomes, making it a safe and effective surgical option.

Objective: To develop a deep learning (DL)-based three-dimensional (3D) point cloud reconstruction network that utilizes the morphological features of the ipsilateral maxillary lateral incisor, canine, and premolars to predict and reconstruct the anatomical morphology of the maxillary central incisor, providing insights for personalized anterior tooth aesthetic restoration. Methods: A total of 192 intraoral scan models were collected. Exocad software was used to segment crowns of teeth #11-14. After standardizing coordinate systems in MATLAB, 182 cases were randomly selected as the training set and 10 were the test set. A dual-network architecture (morphology and pose estimation) was trained to reconstruct maxillary central incisor point clouds. Reconstructed outputs were meshed, aligned with original crowns for evaluation, and applied to incisal third defect models of tooth #11 to compare restoration outcomes among the proposed algorithm, mirroring technique, and standard database method. Results: The test set achieved a chamfer distance (CD) of 0.405, earth mover's distance (EMD) of 0.152, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of (0.128±0.030) mm. For incisal defect restoration, the proposed algorithm [RMSE：(0.128±0.030) mm] demonstrated comparable accuracy to mirroring technique [RMSE: (0.130±0.021) mm], but significantly outperformed the database method [RMSE: (0.233±0.038) mm, P<0.001]. Conclusion: The proposed 3D point cloud reconstruction network enables high-precision maxillary central incisor restoration based on adjacent tooth morphology, offering a reliable technical solution for personalized anterior dental rehabilitation.

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare and highly malignant tumor of the parotid gland. Various methods can be used for reconstructing the postoperative defect. This article reports a case of defect repair following parotid duct carcinoma surgery using a free anterolateral thigh flap, along with a discussion based on relevant literature.

Objective: To investigate the clinical outcomes of the partially deepithelialized forearm flap for reconstructing defects following resection of cheek malignancies. Methods: A total of 12 patients who underwent reconstruction with a partially deepithelialized forearm flap for post-resection defects of cheek malignancies in our department between June 2021 and June 2023 were selected. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 6 to 24 months. Evaluations included facial contour, mouth opening and closing function, as well as flap survival, color, and texture. Results: All 12 flaps survived completely. Facial symmetry was satisfactory, and mouth opening and closing function was unimpaired. The flaps exhibited good color match with the surrounding tissues and a soft texture. No tumor recurrence or distant metastasis was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The application of the partially deepithelialized forearm flap for reconstructing defects after cheek malignancy resection achieves favorable clinical outcomes.

Objective: To investigate the impact of extracting mandibular third molar (M3M) tooth germs via the vestibular sulcus approach on the periodontal tissue of adjacent teeth and on patient postoperative recovery, providing a reference for the clinical application of this technique. Methods: This self-controlled study included 27 patients who required bilateral M3M germ extraction and presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qujing Central Hospital of Yunnan Province between May 2023 and July 2024. For each patient, one side was randomly assigned (by drawing lots) to the vestibular sulcus approach (vestibular approach group), while the contralateral side was assigned to the classic angular incision approach (angular incision group). Operative time was compared between the two groups. On postoperative days 1, 3, and 7, facial swelling, degree of mouth opening limitation, and pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores were assessed. The occurrence of complications (hemorrhage, nerve injury, dry socket, adjacent tooth injury, and wound dehiscence) was recorded. Probing depth (PD) and gingival index of the adjacent teeth were compared between the two groups preoperatively, and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. At 6 months postoperatively, cone beam CT (CBCT) was used to compare the distobuccal osseous defect depth (ODD) of the adjacent teeth between the two groups. Results: A total of 24 patients (48 tooth germs) completed all follow-ups. On postoperative day 7, there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between the two groups in facial swelling, pain VAS scores, or degree of mouth opening limitation. No postoperative complications occurred in any patient. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) in operative time or the adjacent teeth gingival index at 1 and 3 months postoperatively between the two groups. At 1 month postoperatively, the distobuccal PD of adjacent teeth in the vestibular approach group was essentially unchanged from the preoperative level and was significantly smaller than that in the angular incision group (P<0.01) ; by 3 months postoperatively, the difference in this indicator between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, CBCT results showed that the distobuccal ODD of adjacent teeth in the vestibular approach group was significantly smaller than that in the angular incision group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The vestibular sulcus approach for extracting M3M tooth germs is more beneficial for preserving the periodontal tissues on the distal aspect of the adjacent teeth, while showing no significant difference in postoperative recovery compared to the angular incision approach.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting periodontal supporting tissues, which is closely associated with various systemic diseases. In recent years, a number of epidemiological investigations have revealed the possible independent association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction to some extent, and certain research results suggest that periodontal pathogens may be one of the important factors mediating this association. Based on the current research data, the link between the two diseases has yet to be established. This article reviews the research progress on the association between periodontitis and myocardial infarction, with the aim of evaluating the existing epidemiological evidence, elucidating potential pathological mechanisms, and providing a theoretical basis for interdisciplinary prevention and treatment strategies.

Objective: To evaluate the differences in nerve fiber density and the percentage of Piezo-positive nerve fibers between peri-implant and periodontal tissues. Methods: Primary trigeminal ganglion neurons were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and the expression of Piezo ion channels in these neurons was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and gel electrophoresis. Subsequently, a dental implant model was established in the maxillary first molar region of male SD rats. One month after osseointegration, the rats were euthanized, and the maxillae were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence staining were employed to analyze and compare the differences in nerve fiber density and the percentage of Piezo-positive nerve fibers across four regions between the peri-implant tissues and the periodontal tissues. Results: Immunofluorescence staining, RT-qPCR and gel electrophoresis results demonstrated that both Piezo 1 and Piezo 2 ion channels were expressed in trigeminal ganglion neurons. In both peri-implant tissues and periodontal tissues, the gingival and apical regions exhibited a higher density of nerve fibers, with similar nerve fiber density observed in the gingival region between the two tissue types. In the middle region, the density of nerve fibers in the periodontal ligament was significantly higher than that in the bone surrounding the implant, while no significant differences were found in the gingival, apical and coronal regions. In the gingival region, there were no notable differences in the percentage of Piezo 1- and Piezo 2-positive nerve fibers among the groups. In the coronal and middle root regions, the percentage of Piezo 1- and Piezo 2-positive nerve fibers in the periodontal ligament was significantly higher than that in the alveolar bone directly adjacent to the implant. Conclusion: In the coronal and middle root regions, the percentage of Piezo-positive nerve fibers in the periodontal ligament was significantly higher than that in the alveolar bone directly adjacent to the implant.

This article focuses on the clinical prevention and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs) [bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab]. Integrating domestic 
and international consensus guidelines with clinical practice, it proposes a comprehensive, risk-stratified prevention and 
management strategy. The article systematically analyzes the three major high-risk factors for MRONJ (medication-related, systemic, and local oral factors), emphasizing the difference in MRONJ risk associated with different drug regimens (low-dose vs. high-dose), and constructs a four-tier (R0‒R3) risk stratification system accordingly. For each risk level, the paper elaborates on corresponding key focuses for oral screening, preventive interventions, indications for invasive procedures (such as tooth extraction), and perioperative management protocols. Specific guidance is provided for high-risk (R3) patients regarding drug holidays, radiographic evaluation, minimally invasive surgery, and wound management strategies. The aim of this article is to promote a shift in the clinical approach to MRONJ from a reactive treatment model to a proactive prevention model, providing systematic reference for dentists to effectively reduce the incidence of MRONJ while ensuring the treatment of patients' underlying systemic diseases.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive ultrasonic bone surgery for extracting maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth in children.Methods:A total of 128 children with maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth treated in our hospital between July 2021 and July 2023 were included. Based on the surgical methods, the patients were divided into 2 groups: The conventional group (n=64) underwent the conventional extraction, and the ultrasonic bone surgery group (n=64) underwent the minimally invasive ultrasonic bone surgery. Perioperative parameters were compared, including success rate (χ ² test), operation time (independent-samplet-test), postoperative pain (Mann‑WhitneyUtest), and changes in gingival crevicular fluid levels of inflammatory mediators [myeloperoxidase (MPO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), pentraxin‑3 (PTX3)] and stress mediators [peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)] (independent-samplet-test).Results:The success rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). However, the ultrasonic bone surgery group had a significantly shorter operation time than the conventional group (P<0.001). Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the ultrasonic bone surgery group on day 1 and day 3 than in the conventional group (P<0.05). On postoperative day 3, levels of MPO, PGE₂, PTX3, and PPARγ increased in both groups compared with preoperative levels, but were significantly lower in the ultrasonic bone surgery group than in the conventional group. GPX levels decreased in both groups, but were significantly higher in the ultrasonic bone surgery group than in the conventional group (allP<0.01).Conclusion:Minimally invasive ultrasonic bone surgery for extraction of maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth in children demonstrated favorable outcomes, significantly shortening operation time, reducing surgical trauma, alleviating postoperative pain, and effectively mitigating local inflammation and stress responses.

Objective: To investigate the effects of aging on the bone regeneration capacity of mouse jaw and the osteogenic differentiation ability of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1 cells). Methods: A maxillary bone defect model was established using senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8 mice). Micro-CT was used to analyze the bone microstructural parameters of new bone in the maxillary bone defect area of young (2-month-old) and aged (8-month-old) mice. In vitro, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was used to induce senescence in MC3T3-E1 cells. The expression of senescence-related genes was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining was used to compare the positive area; flow cytometry was employed to analyze cell cycle distribution; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S (ARS) staining were used to evaluate osteogenic differentiation ability; and Western blotting was applied to detect the expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins. Results: On the 14th day after bone defect surgery, the amount of new bone in the aged group was lower than that in the young group. In vitro experiments showed that after H₂O₂ treatment, the expression levels of senescence-related genes and proteins in MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly increased, and the SA-β-Gal staining positive area was significantly enlarged. Cell cycle analysis revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in the S and G2 phases. Meanwhile ALP and ARS staining indicated weakened osteogenic differentiation, and the expression levels of osteogenesis-related proteins, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were also significantly decreased. Conclusion: Aging can inhibit bone regeneration in the mouse jaw, partly due to the decreased differentiation capacity of osteoblast precursor cells under aging conditions.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical factors affecting the recovery of patients with Bell's palsy.Methods:Clinical data from 94 patients who were admitted to two hospitals in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region between January 2010 and January 2024 due to Bell's palsy were retrospectively analyzed.Patient demographic characteristics were evaluated using descriptive statistical methods, comparisons between groups were performed using the Chi-square test, the independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis were identified using a multivariate logistic regression model. The effectiveness of the model was assessed by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC).Results:The age of the enrolled patients ranged from 28 to 77 years, with a mean age of（49.30±6.96）years. Among them, 51.1% were female. Univariate analysis showed that smoking (P=0.016), hypertension (P=0.007), diabetes mellitus (P=0.005) and higher House-Brackmann (H-B) grade were associated with incomplete recovery in patients (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking (OR=8.295, P=0.010), hypertension (OR=9.667,P=0.008) and higher H-B grade (OR=9.094,P=0.032) were independent predictors for incomplete recovery in patients with Bell's palsy. These three factors demonstrated some predictive value for the prognosis of facial paralysis recovery, with AUCs of 0.67, 0.68 and 0.68 for smoking, hypertension, and higher H-B grade, respectively. Neither physical therapy nor different pharmacological interventions showed a statistically significant association with recovery in patients with Bell's palsy (P>0.05).Conclusion:Smoking, hypertension, and higher H-B grade are independent risk factors affecting recovery prognosis in patients with Bell's palsy. The predictive model based on these factors demonstrated certain discriminative ability and can serve as a reference for optimizing clinical management.

Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs), a class of cellular organelles associated with cellular metabolism, are composed of a neutral lipid core encapsulated by a monolayer phospholipid polar membrane. Initially regarded as static energy reservoirs with relatively simple functions, LDs have been the subject of recent advancements that have significantly expanded our understanding of their biogenesis mechanisms and functions. Beyond serving as central hubs for intracellular lipid metabolism, LDs actively participate in the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory and infectious diseases, while playing critical regulatory roles in host immune responses. This paper provides a review of research in these fields.

Objective: To investigate the role of Yap/Taz in alveolar bone remodeling after unloading of occlusal force. Methods: The unloading model of the left mandibular alveolar bone was established in 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice by extracting the left maxillary first molar, and the contralateral alveolar bone was used as control. The mandibles were collected 1, 2 and 4 weeks after unloading, respectively. Micro-CT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction were employed to quantitatively analyze changes in bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N). The quantitative change of CD105+mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in alveolar bone was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The gene expression levels of Yap/Taz in alveolar bone were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Mouse alveolar bone derived MSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to transfect MSCs, and the subsequent effect of Yap/Taz knockdown on MSCs osteogenic differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining for ALP-positive areas and by RT-qPCR for the expression of Runx2, Sp7, Col1a1 and Bglap. Results: After 4 weeks of unloading, the alveolar bone exhibited a significant decrease in BMD and BV/TV (P<0.05), a marked reduction in the number of MSCs and a significant downregulation of Yap/Taz (P<0.05) compared with the control group. In vitro, Yap/Taz knockdown resulted in decreased ALP-positive areas and significantly downregulated expression of Runx2, Sp7, Col1a1, and Bglap in MSCs compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Unloading of occlusal force led to alveolar bone loss, a reduction in MSCs, and downregulation of Yap/Taz, while knockdown of Yap/Taz inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic versus conventional surgery for the treatment of benign submandibular gland tumors. Methods: Databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, EMBase, and the Cochrane Library were searched according to the search strategy, with the search period up to January 1, 2024. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), and a Meta-analysis was subsequently performed. Results: A total of 9 studies were included, comprising 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 8 non-randomized controlled trial (nRCT), with a total of 356 patients, 153 in the endoscopic group and 203 in the traditional group. Meta-analysis results indicated that the endoscopic group had a significantly longer operative time than the traditional group [weighted mean difference (WMD)=13.56 min; 95% confidence interval(CI)=9.36 to 17.75 min; P<0.001]. However, the endoscopic approach demonstrated superior outcomes in postoperative satisfaction (WMD=2.85; 95% CI=2.03 to 3.67; P<0.001), incision length (WMD=–17.60 mm; 95% CI=–30.74 to –4.47 mm; P<0.01), and intraoperative blood loss (WMD=–16.32 mL; 95% CI=–26.67 to –5.97 mL; P<0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in tumor diameter (WMD=–0.19 mm; 95% CI=-2.91 to 2.54 mm; P=0.89), postoperative drainage volume (WMD=–5.53 mL; 95% CI=–14.16 to 3.10 mL; P=0.21), the incidence of facial nerve injury [ (odds ratio, OR) = 0.82; 95% CI=0.25 to 2.71; P=0.74], the incidence of great auricular nerve injury (OR=2.40; 95% CI=0.36 to 16.18; P=0.37), or the average length of stay (WMD=–1.2 days; 95% CI=–3.25 to 0.84 days; P=0.25). Conclusion: Based on the current limited evidence, endoscopic surgery for benign submandibular gland tumors can significantly shorten incision length, reduce intraoperative blood loss, and improve postoperative patient satisfaction, but prolongs operative time.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) in mice.
Methods:BMSCs isolated from C57BL/6J mice were evaluated for stem cell surface markers CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166 by flow cytometry. Osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation assays were performed to confirm the multilineage differentiation potential. A total of 120 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used to establish TMJOA models by bilateral disc removal. Approximately 0.1 mL of orbital blood was collected from each mouse to prepare PRF. Based on different treatments, joints were assigned to four groups: The control group (injection of 20 μL complete medium after disc removal), the BMSCs+PRF group (implantation of PRF combined with injection of 20 μL BMSCs suspension), the BMSCs group (injection of 20 μL BMSCs suspension only), and the PRF group (PRF implantation only). Mice were sacrificed in batches at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. The severity of the condylar cartilage degeneration was evaluated according to the modified Mankin scoring system after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Safranin O staining. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed at 8 weeks postoperatively to assess the relative mRNA expression of Aggrecan, Sox9, Col1a1, Col2a1.
Results:Flow cytometric analysis and trilineage differentiation assays confirmed that the isolated cells exhibited typical characteristics of BMSCs. Histological assessment revealed the modified Mankin scores were significantly reduced in the BMSCs+PRF group compared with the control group, suggesting alleviated cartilage degeneration. Consistently, RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the mRNA levels of Aggrecan, Sox9, Col1a1, Col2a1 in the BMSCs+PRF group .
Conclusion:Combined application of BMSCs and PRF intra-articularly effectively alleviates TMJOA progression and promotes cartilage repair in mice.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of lateral approach maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implantation in treatment of severe bone deficiency in the maxillary posterior region.Methods:Between January 2023 and March 2024, patients who underwent lateral approach maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement and had a residual bone height (RBH)≤3 mm were enrolled. Osseointegration and bone augmentation effects were assessed by cone beam CT (CBCT) at 6 months postoperatively. Restoration was completed at 7-8 months postoperatively. The follow-up lasted for 12 months postoperatively, that is, 4 months after restoration. The incidence of complications, implant stability quotient (ISQ), implant survival rate, and patient satisfaction were recorded.Results:The mean bone height gain in the edentulous area was (7.60±2.04) mm at 6 months postoperatively. The ISQ value has significantly increased compared with the initial measurement and a total of 38 implants achieved osseointegration. Sinus membrane perforation occurred in 3 sites (7.89%) during surgery, and 1 site (2.63%) of cover screw detachment was observed during the postoperative follow-up period. At 12 months postoperatively, in patients with a 100% implant survival rate, the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for masticatory function and aesthetic effect were (8.37±1.20) and (8.45±1.18) points, respectively.Conclusion:When the RBH in the maxillary posterior region is less than or equal to 3 mm, the lateral approach maxillary sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implantation can achieve bone augmentation and osseointegration at the same time. Within the 12-month follow-up period, the survival rate of the implants was relatively high.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) typically originates from major salivary glands but may also arise primarily from minor salivary glands in the palate. It can show diverse clinical symptoms, such as masses, pain, or ulcers. However, cases presenting primarily with mucosal erythema are relatively rare. This article reports a case of palatal MEC that presented erythema as the main clinical feature, and discusses its clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment.

Objective:To investigate the expression, clinical significance, and prognostic relevance of B7 homolog 3 (B7‑H3) in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).Methods:The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to compare B7‑H3 expression between OTSCC tissues and adjacent tissues, and to analyze its association with patient overall survival rate. Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis was performed on genes co‑expressed with B7‑H3. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect B7‑H3 expression in tissue microarrays containing 53 OTSCC samples and 9 adjacent normal samples collected at our institution from January 2010 to December 2018. The Wilcoxon rank‑sum test was used to compare expression levels between groups; theχ ² test was applied to analyze the relationship between B7‑H3 expression and clinicopathological characteristics; Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis was conducted to assess the association between B7‑H3 expression and overall survival rate in OTSCC patients; and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of various factors on prognosis.Results:Analysis based on TCGA data showed that B7‑H3 expression was significantly higher in OTSCC tissues than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.001). Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with high B7‑H3 expression had a lower overall survival rate than those with low expression, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.246). GO functional enrichment analysis revealed that B7‑H3‑related genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as cell‑cell adhesion and glycoprotein metabolism. Tissue microarray analysis showed that B7‑H3 expression was significantly elevated in OTSCC tissues compared with adjacent tissues (P<0.001), and its expression level was not significantly correlated with clinicopathological features. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high B7‑H3 expression had significantly lower overall survival rate than those with low expression (P<0.05). Cox proportional hazards model analysis demonstrated that age and pathological differentiation grade were identified as independent prognostic factors, while B7-H3 showed an association with prognosis in univariate analysis but was not an independent predictor in the multivariate analysis.Conclusion:B7‑H3 is highly expressed in OTSCC and is associated with poor prognosis.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC), also known as static bone cavity, is a rare bony defect on the lingual side of the mandible. SBC is usually seen in the mandibular angle region and is rarely located in the anterior mandible. This paper reports a case of SBC located in the premolar region of the mandible. By reviewing relevant literature, we aim to strengthen dentists' understanding of SBC in atypical locations and avoid misdiagnosis.

γδT cells are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes primarily distributed in peripheral tissues such as the skin, visceral organs, and mucosal cavities. As key immune cells in the periodontal tissue, γδT cells play a crucial role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis. When periodontal homeostasis is disrupted, γδT cells contribute to the progression of periodontal inflammation. During the reparative phase of periodontitis, these cells exert protective effects and mediate the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissues. This review summarizes the fundamental characteristics and primary functions of gingival γδT cells, with a particular focus on their biological roles during the progression and reparative phase of periodontitis. Additionally, it explores the potential therapeutic applications of γδT cells in the management of periodontal inflammatory diseases. Future research should aim to elucidate the functional diversity of γδT cells in the context of periodontitis and investigate the prospects of different γδT cell subsets for biotherapeutic applications in periodontal inflammation.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare inflammatory myeloid neoplasm that uncommonly occurs in the jawbones. This article presents a case of LCH in the mandible in an adult, and through a review of the relevant literature, aims to discuss its clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment options, to enhance clinicians' understanding of this disease.

Objective:To analyze the clinicopathological data of 25 cases of facial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in Fengqing County of Lincang City, Yunnan Province.Methods:A total of 25 patients diagnosed with cutaneous BCC at The People's Hospital of Fengqing Lincang City, Yunnan Province, from 2019 to 2023 were enrolled. The epidemiological characteristics and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed, including age, sex, occupation, disease duration, whether the lesion was single or multiple, lesion location, size, and pathological features. Pathological classification was performed according to the McKee criteria.Results:This study included 7 male and 18 female patients with BCC. The mean age was (63.20±12.27) years. All 25 patients presented with single lesions, with disease duration ranging from 1 month to 10 years. The most commonly affected site was the nasal ala (9 cases), followed by the lower eyelid (7 cases), nasal tip (2 cases), nasal dorsum (1 case), lateral canthus (1 case), medial canthus (1 case), cheek (1 case), earlobe (1 case), preauricular region (1 case), and postauricular region (1 case). Lesion sizes varied, with the smallest being 0.2 cm × 0.2 cm and the largest being 2.0 cm × 1.5 cm. Most patients were asymptomatic. The most common histopathological subtype was nodular (9 cases), followed by pigmented (6 cases), micronodular (5 cases), basosquamous (1 case), infiltrative (1 case), ulcerative (1 case), fibroepithelial (1 case), and adenoid (1 case).Conclusion:Facial BCC primarily affects middle-aged and elderly individuals. Early-stage BCC usually presents without symptoms, and the histopathological subtypes are diverse.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is an indolent and painless malignant tumor that most commonly occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, but it is relatively rare in the head and neck region. Among head and neck cases, involvement of the parotid gland is more common, while primary sublingual gland involvement is rarely reported and can be easily confused with benign sublingual gland tumors. This article reports a case of MALT lymphoma primarily originating from the sublingual gland and discusses its clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment through a review of relevant literature.