Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of carbon dioxide fractional laser in early treatment of postoperative scar of primary cleft lip. Methods: A total of 24 children who had undergone primary cleft lip repair in the treatment group were treated with carbon dioxide fractional laser within three months after operation, and 24 children who had undergone primary cleft lip repair in the control group were not treated with laser after operation. Based on the subjective assessment by comparing photographs before and after the treatment and the objective assessment using Vancouver scar scale (VSS) scoring method, the scar conditions of the two groups were compared one year after laser therapy. Results: The total effective rate of the treatment group was 91.7% after the completion of the whole course of 4 treatments after 1 year, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The objective assessment results showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Carbon dioxide fractional laser is effective in the early treatment of postoperative scar of primary cleft lip, which is worthy of clinical application.

Angiogenesis is one of the most important factors for the success of bone augumentation. Cortical bone decortication is considered as an essential part of bone augumentation procedure to promote angiogenesis. However, the actual role of decortication in bone augumentation is controversial derived from the present studies. This article summarizes the research results of decortication on guided bone regeneration (GBR), block bone grafting and periosteal distraction osteogenesis (PDO) through literature review, and analyzes the mechanism of decortication on bone regeneration and the reasons for the inconsistency of research results, in order to provide reference for clinicians to perform decortication in the process of bone augmentation.

Decompression is a surgical method for the preservation treatment of large jaw cysts, and a cyst plug with excellent performance is a necessary condition to ensure the therapeutic effect of this method. Making drainage port through cyst plug, balancing the pressure inside and outside the cyst cavity, and washing with postoperative physiological saline can effectively reduce the volume of the cyst cavity, and reduce the risks of nerve injury, adjacent tooth and tooth germ injury and pathological fracture of jaw caused by traditional radical surgery. In this paper, the classification and application of common cyst plugs after fenestration decompression of large jaw cysts, and the application of cyst plugs combined with negative pressure suction in recent years are reviewed.

After implantation of implants as foreign bodies into the jawbone, the immune and skeletal systems of the body regulate and adapt to each other, promoting bone resorption and remodeling around the implants. The imbalance of foreign body response may lead to loss of bone around the implants. This article summarizes the relevant factors that may trigger peri-implant immune response and lead to bone resorption, including peri-implant microbial infection, implant overload, poor overall condition, and biological wear of implant materials. Osteoclasts are currently the only known cells in the human body that can cause bone resorption, so their generation has been used as a clue to sort out several key pathways and factors that regulate this process, such as macrophage polarization, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) / receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) / osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. This review discusses the immune mechanism of peri-implant bone loss, providing insights for understanding the concept of osseointegration and treating peri-implant bone loss from an immune perspective.

Objective: To explore the changes in condyle cartilage development and primary ciliary gene expression after changes in masticatory force.Methods: Three-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided into 3 groups, and they were fed with normal diet (ND) for 2 weeks, soft diet (SD) for 2 weeks, and fed with 1 week of soft diet than 1 week of re-normal diet (RND). After collecting the samples, safranin O-fast green staining, toluidine blue staining, Masson staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and collagen typeⅡ(COL2) immunofluorescence staining were performed to observe changes in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. Primary ciliary gene expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Compared with the ND group, the SD group has thinner condyle cartilage, less extracellular matrix, and subchondral bone structure has changed. The primary cilia gene expression (Ift88, Ift140, Ptch1, Smo, Gli1) was decreased. Compared with the SD group, the above changes recovered in the RND group. Conclusion: Changes of masticatory force during growth will affect the development of condyle cartilage and primary ciliary gene expression in mice.

Plunging ranulas are relatively rare cystic mass in the neck, which are mucous extravasation or retention pseudocysts from the sublingual gland, without the epithelial linings. They plunge inferiorly into the neck by extending beyond the free edge of the mylohyoid muscles or through the dehiscences of the muscles. We report a case of plunging ranula treated in our hospital, with recurrence seven months after the intraoral sublingual gland excision. The literatures associated with pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, surgical approach and recurrent causes are reviewed.

Keratin (KRT) is one of the members of the cytoskeletal protein intermediate filament family mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, which plays a significant role in maintaining the morphology of epithelial cells and intercellular connections. In addition, KRT also participates in the occurrence and development of squamous cell carcinoma by regulating epithelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor of the oral cavity which usually has a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients. In recent years, the research on KRT in OSCC has gradually increased, and this paper expounds on the biological function of keratin and its research progress in OSCC.

Objective: To investigate the expression of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their correlation with the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OSCC. Methods: The expression of CD74 of fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues will be detected using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the expression of CD74 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and patients' clinicopathological parameters, prognosis, and immune cell infiltration will be further investigated. Primary CAFs, paired normal fibroblasts (NFs), and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-OSCC patients will be extracted to compare the differences in the expression of CD74 between the two types of fibroblasts. Subsequently, these two types of fibroblasts will be co-cultured with PBMCs, and the concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-35 in the culture supernatant will be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effects of CAFs with different CD74 expression levels on the migration of PBMCs were compared by Transwell assay and flow cytometry. Results: The number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts in OSCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, OSCC patients with high CD74 expression had a significantly lower 5-year overall survival rate (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical results showed that in tumor tissues with high CD74⁺ fibroblast expression, the ratio of FOXP3⁺ cells to CD4⁺ cells was significantly higher (P<0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between the number of CD74⁺ fibroblasts and FOXP3⁺ cells (r=0.439 3). In vitro experiments confirmed that the expression of CD74 in primary CAFs from OSCC tumor tissues was higher than that in the paired NFs. After co-culturing with PBMCs for 12 h, the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were significantly higher than those in the NFs group (P<0.05). Additionally, the concentrations of IL-35 in the culture medium of the CAFs CD74 high-expression group were higher than those in the CAFs CD74 low-expression group (P<0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that CAFs with high CD74 expression had a stronger chemotactic ability toward CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells (P<0.05). Conclusion: CD74⁺ fibroblasts are associated with poorer prognosis in OSCC patients, and may be involved in the recruitment of CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ cells.

Objective: To introduce the surgical technique of temporomandibular joint disc anchoring through a modified tragus incision.Methods: From February 2017 to October 2021, 264 patients (328 sides of joints) with advanced anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) admitted to our hospital were treated with temporomandibular joint disc anchorage using a modified tragus approach. The specific method was as follows: Use a modified intraauricular approach to separate the superficial temporal fascia and the deep and superficial layers of the deep temporal fascia, as well as the joint capsule, cut the joint capsule at the root of the zygomatic arch, expose the joint disc, using a Mini Mitek anchor screw to fix it at the posterior and lower pole of the condylar process, and using two Orthocor sutures for horizontal mattress suture to reposition the anterior displaced joint disc. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporomandibular joint was performed before and within 7 days after surgery. The facial nerve condition was observed from 1 to 7 days after surgery, follow-up MRI was performed 3 months after surgery, and the mouth opening degree was recorded at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record the relief of temporomandibular joint pain in patients at 3 months after surgery. The vancouver scar scale was used to evaluate the scar condition in the surgical area at 3 months after surgery. Results: According to the evaluation of postoperative MRI, 306 joints (249 cases) were evaluated as "excellent", 20 joints (14 cases) were evaluated as "good", and 2 joints (one case) were evaluated as "poor". The successful reduction rate was 99.39% (326/328 sides). Only one patient evaluated as "poor" after surgery, accounting for 0.61% (2/328 sides). At the 3-month follow-up after surgery, all patients showed improvement in limited mouth opening, with pain scores below 2 and scar evaluations below 3. Conclusion: Improving the concealed position of the incision inside the tragus and achieving good results in the reduction of the temporomandibular joint disc is a widely applicable surgical approach for temporomandibular joint disc anchoring.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a metabolic disorder and a form of jaw osteonecrosis that arises from the use of bisphosphonates, anti-angiogenic drugs, and other medications in the treatment of conditions such as malignant tumor bone metastasis and osteoporosis. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) has categorized MRONJ into five stages based on clinical manifestations. Within this classification, the at-risk category encompasses asymptomatic patients who have received intravenous or oral antiresorptive therapy but show no apparent necrotic bone. Stage 0 refers to patients who exhibit no clinical evidence of necrotic bone yet present with nonspecific symptoms or clinical and radiographic findings. Presently, the diagnosis and treatment of stage 0 MRONJ still exhibit uncertainties. There is controversy regarding the effective prevention of progression from at-risk and stage 0 patients to established MRONJ. This article reviews the diagnostic approaches and current treatment status of stage 0 MRONJ, analyzes the clinical practices and research findings concerning invasive oral procedures for at-risk patients, and highlights the controversies and uncertainties within the current research field. The aim is to provide valuable insights and references for future scientific research and clinical practice.

Objective: To compare the distribution characteristics of biochemical stress on two techniques of zygomatic implant (ZI), sinus slot (SS) and extra sinus (ES), in combination with conventional implants respectively, and to provide theoretical basis for functional restoration of severe atrophic maxilla.Methods: Finite element analysis (FEA) models were constituted based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanning data of a patient. ZIs were virtually placed into models with SS or ES techniques combined with two or four conventional implants. The von Mises stress values in implants and the principal stress values in alveolar bone were analyzed. Results: The highest von Mises stress was in the configuration of 2 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with ES technique (292 MPa). The lowest von Mises stress level in ZIs was in the configuration of 4 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with the SS technique (184 MPa). The highest maximum principal stress was in the configuration of 2 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with SS technique (31 MPa). The lowest maximum principal stress was in the configuration of 4 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with ES technique (12 MPa). The lowest minimum principal stress was in the configuration of 4 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with the SS technique (|-58| MPa). The highest minimum principal stress value in bone was in the configuration of 2 conventional implants and 2 ZIs with ES technique (|-81| MPa). Conclusion: Two ZIs with the SS technique and four conventional implants may be biomechanically safer for the rehabilitation of severe atrophic maxilla.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of extraction of mandibular third molars with cystic lesions under the guidance of a dynamic navigation system (DNS).Methods: Retrospectively analyzed hospitalized patients with lower impacted mandibular third molars in Hospital of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University from December 15, 2022 to April 15, 2023. According to the inclusion criteria, seven patients with the complex mandibular third molars accompanied cystic lesions, which was tightly adjacent to the inferior alveolar canal were included. All the CT imaging data were imported into the DNS and completed the navigation design. Then the molar were extracted, and cyst was removed under the guidance of navigation. The surgical condition and postoperative recovery state were further analyzed, focusing on the symptoms of postoperative inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI). Results: All patients' wounds healed uneventfully with the application of DNS and the patients had no symptoms of IANI. Conclusion: The DNS technology determines the operation position in real time, which reduces the damage of the inferior alveolar neural canal and reduces the risk of inferior alveolar nerve damage.

The impact of mechanical force stimulation on bone metabolism is currently garnering significant scholarly interest. As scientific inquiry progresses, the focus of these studies has increasingly shifted towards a more granular level of analysis. Recent years, researchers are now examining this phenomenon from various perspectives, including the influence of differing mechanical properties, force magnitudes, frequencies, cell types, and underlying molecular mechanisms on bone metabolism. Given the intricate nature of this process, this article seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in research pertaining to the modulation of bone metabolism through the alteration of mechanical stimuli or the targeting of specific cell types and receptors, in order to provide a reference for further research.

Objective: To explore the role and mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) in the repair of inferior alveolar nerve injury.Methods: To establish the model of inferior alveolar nerve injury in SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats. RNA from inferior alveolar tissue samples was collected 1, 3, 7 days after injury. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect the transcription expression levels of FGF13 gene at different time points after injury. Primary trigeminal nerve cells of neonatal SD mice were extracted and divided into experimental group and control group, transfected with FGF13 overexpressed plasmid and control plasmid, respectively. 3 days after successful transfection, cell RNA was extracted to detect the gene expression level of neurotrophin by RT-qPCR. Trigeminal nerve cells were stained with Neun and βⅢ-Tubulin nerve immunofluorescence, and the axon length of nerve cells was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope. ND7/23 nerve cells were divided into overexpression group (ND7/23-FGF13) and control group (ND7/23-vector), transfected with FGF13 overexpression lentivirus and control virus, respectively. Stable transmutation strains were screened out by purinomycin, and FGF13 protein immunofluorescence staining and JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescence probe staining were performed. Extract cell RNA, then RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of mitophagy related genes. Results: The expression level of FGF13 was significantly increased at 1 day after inferior alveolar nerve injury, decreased at 3 days after injury, and decreased to an equivalent level to the control group at 7 days after injury. Compared with the control group, the expression of FGF13, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other factors increased in the experimental group. In the lentivirus overexpression group, FGF13 protein was more densely distributed in the nucleus, mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased, and the expression of mitochondrial autophagy related genes was increased. Conclusion: After inferior alveolar nerve injury, the expression level of FGF13 is transiently increased, which may have potential significance for the repair process of inferior alveolar nerve. Overexpression of FGF13 in trigeminal nerve cells can promote axonal elongation of nerve cells. The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of mitochondrial function and the promotion of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Objective: To explore the effect of zinc‐finger protein 260 (Zfp260) on the osteogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) in vitro. Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts. The expression of Zfp260 was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) when it was induced for 7 days and 14 days. MC3T3-E1 cells were transfected with siRNA, and the knockdown efficiency of Zfp260 and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and other osteogenic biomarkers in knockdown group and control group were measured by RT-qPCR. The change of migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by Transwell, cell scratch assay. The change of proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells after knockdown of Zfp260 was detected by CCK8 experiment. Results: The expression of Zfp260 was significantly up-regulated after inducing osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro (P<0.05). After using siRNA to knock down Zfp260, the expression of ALP and BMP2 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Transwell and cell scratch assays showed that the migration ability of MC3T3-E1 cells was inhibited after knocking down Zfp260. CCK8 experiment showed that the proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells increased after knocking down Zfp260. Conclusion: Zfp260 can promote the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.

Gingival amyloidosis represents the deposition of amyloid substances within the gingiva. This article reports a case of gingival amyloidosis treated at our hospital, discussing its clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, pathological features, treatment, and prognosis, with the aim of providing clinical physicians with insights and treatment guidelines for the disease.

Objective: To analyze the clinical value of preoperative blood inflammatory markers in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Methods: A total of 141 TSCC patients who underwent surgical treatment in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2017 to June 2023 were included. According to the postoperative pathological results, they were divided into cervical lymph node metastatic group and cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The index of peripheral blood inflammatory cells (neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte count values) were collected from patients before surgery, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated to analyze the value of preoperative NLR and PLR in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Results: The NLR and PLR values in cervical lymph node metastatic group were significantly higher than those in the cervical lymph node non-metastatic group. The area under the curve (AUC) and optimal cutoff values for diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients using NLR and PLR are 0.72, 2.24 and 0.61, 115.43, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR is an independent influencing factor for cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Conclusion: The preoperative inflammatory marker NLR may be a potential biomarker for evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients.

As a tissue engineering restorative material, hydrogel possesses outstanding biocompatibility, degradability and plasticity. Due to the lack of appropriate pore characteristics, the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of cells inside and outside the gel are limited, which seriously affect the results of tissue engineering. Therefore, the preparation of macroporous structure has become a research focus on modification of hydrogel. In this paper, the effect of pore characteristics on biological behavior of scaffolds and the prepared methods of macroporous structure in recent years are reviewed.

Cephalometric analysis is indispensable for orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. With the development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging technology, 3D imaging is increasingly used to assess dentomaxillofacial deformity and formulate treatment plans. 3D cephalometric analysis based on multi-modal data contains more anatomical information than traditional 2D cephalometric analysis, which can be used to conduct a more comprehensive diagnosis of patients with dentomaxillofacial deformities, and has become a research hotspot. However, its application is accompanied by the problem of time-consuming and laborious. In recent years, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) can assist in the automation of landmark positioning, data collection and analysis in 3D cephalometric measurement. In this article, research status and the auxiliary application of AI in 3D cephalometric analysis were reviewed and summarized.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of jaw cystic lesions on dental pulp tissue, providing a basis for the effective preservation of the anatomical structure and function of teeth. Methods: Between August 2021 and December 2022, a total of 51 teeth with live pulp and cystic lesions affecting the roots were studied at our institution. These teeth were categorized based on the extent of cystic involvement in the root region: 27 teeth were categorized as apically involved (apical group), while 24 teeth were not apically involved (non-apical group). Preoperative and postoperative pulp vitality values were measured and subjected to t-test analysis. Additionally, 43 teeth underwent bone grafting in the surgical area (bone grafting group), whereas 8 teeth did not receive bone grafting (non-bone grafting group). Changes in pulp vitality before and 3 months after surgery were recorded and analyzed using t-tests, with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in pulp vitality changes between the apical and non-apical groups (P>0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed in pulp vitality changes between the bone grafting and non-bone grafting groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Vital pulp in teeth with apical involvement due to jaw cystic lesions can be preserved; bone grafting after jaw cyst surgery does not affect the pulp vitality of the involved teeth.

Radical surgery for oral cancer alters the primary site's morphology and physiological function, impairs patients' ability to eat and results in malnutrition, increases the likelihood of disease-related complications, lowers the tolerance for surgical treatment, and further compromises the full range of diagnostic and therapeutic effects. This study covers the nutritional management experience of oral cancer patients during the perioperative period by combining a portion of the literature review and clinical practice experience.

Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is a type of well-defined mandibular defect or cavity change located on the lingual side of the mandible and is usually not accompanied by sensory abnormalities. Clinically, SBC cases are incidentally discovered during radiographic examinations in the course of dental treatment. As a result, the actual incidence of SBC may be higher than the reported figures. Due to the rarity of SBC and its tendency of being misdiagnosed, patients may undergo unnecessary tests, leading to increased healthcare costs, radiation exposure, and psychological burden, and in some cases, potentially delaying treatment. This article reports a case of SBC and conducts a literature review to arouse the attention and awareness of stomatologists, thereby improving the recognition and diagnostic accuracy of this condition.

Objective: To explore the imaging features and clinical significance of the white blocking line appearing on the newly formed maxillary sinus floor surface after lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation.Methods: A total of 41 patients who had lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation and bone grafting were followed up for 8 to 64 months. Cone beam CT (CBCT) was used to observe the changes in the bone grafts. Systemic information (such as smoking, diabetes) and local conditions (such as sinus membrane thickening or maxillary sinus cyst) were recorded.Results: A total of 45 sinuses in 41 patients had lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation and received bone grafting. Among them, 6 sinuses in 6 patients (with an incidence rate of 13.3%) showed the imaging changes of the white blocking line on the newly formed maxillary sinus floor surface (this radiographic feature is hereinafter referred to as the "analogous bony white line", and the formed structure is hereinafter referred to as the "cortical-like structure"). The formation time of the cortical-like structure is 10 to 36 months after the operation. In 2 patients, the formation of the cortical-like structure was detected 10 months after the operation, and the thickening of the cortical-like structure was observed at 26 months and 30 months after the operation respectively.Conclusion: After lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation, in some cases, the cortical-like structure will appear on the newly formed surface of the maxillary sinus floor during the process of osseointegration, with progressive thickening over time.

Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of p21 senescent cells in periodontal tissue and femur of diabetic mice. Methods: We constructed transgenic mice capable of tracing p21 senescent cells, used gel electrophoresis assay to screen 24 homozygous mice, and randomly divided them into control group and diabetic group, with 12 mice in each one. The control group was given a normal diet, while the diabetic group was given a high fat diet for 4 weeks, followed by streptozocin (STZ) injection to induce the diabetic model. Periodontal tissue samples were collected from mice at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks respectively. We used the tracer function of p21-3MR mice and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to investigate the spatial and temporal expression changes of p21 senescent cells and periodontal changes in inflammation levels. Results: The expression levels of p21 increase over time during the progression of diabetes, and the distribution of p21 senescent cells gradually extends from the gingiva towards the alveolar bone. Conclusion: p21 senescent cells are involved in the progression of diabetes and may play a role in the regulation of bone homeostasiss by secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, but their specific mechanisms require further investigation.

Self-seeding, a distinct biological behavior of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), is prevalent in many malignant tumors and closely linked to tumor progression. While most research focuses on the relationship between CTCs and distant metastasis, the understanding of the biological impact of CTCs self-seeding on tumor initiation and local progression remains limited. This article reviews the role of CTCs in tumor progression via self-seeding, providing a new perspective for exploring the mechanisms underlying malignant tumor development.

Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is a combined surgical-orthodontic treatment modality primarily used to address severe maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) and dental arch constriction. SARME has undergone continuous refinement and optimization, becoming an essential therapeutic strategy in orthognathic treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the developmental trajectory of SARME, encompassing its surgical techniques, clinical efficacy, and potential complications. The review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an updated perspective on SARME's evolving paradigm and propose future research directions.

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestation, imaging features, treatment methods, and prognostic characteristics of paradental cyst (PC), providing reference and basis for clear diagnosis.Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical data of 10 patients with PC treated at the Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University between September 2016 and September 2022 was performed, including clinical manifestations, imaging features, pathological results, treatment methods and prognosis.Results: Among the 10 patients with PC, 8 were male and 2 were female, with an average age of 34.9 years. A total of nine cases occurred in the mandible (five cases involving 48 teeth, four cases involving 38 teeth); one case occurred in the maxilla, involving 18 teeth. Four cases had a partial eruption of affected teeth, while six cases had no eruption of affected teeth. Seven patients presented with symptoms such as swelling and pain, while three had no clinical symptoms. All patients underwent surgical treatment, including curettage of the lesion and extraction of relevant teeth. Follow-up for 1-5 years after surgery showed no recurrence.Conclusion: PC is a type of inflammatory root cyst that mainly occurs in the third molar area of the lower jaw. On imaging, it presents a clear crescent-shaped transmission shadow. Swelling and pain are the most common clinical manifestations, and the prognosis of surgical treatment is good.

Oral myiasis is an infestation of the dipterous fly larva in the oral cavity. It is a rare disease because it is not easy for the fly to lay eggs in oral cavity, but it can cause pain, infection or other serious symptoms. We reported two cases of oral myiasis in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. This provided reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Nudix hydrolase 1 (NUDT1) on the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, and its mechanism of function was tentatively explored.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was applied to examine paraffin sections of 30 patient tissues with OSCC and 10 normal oral mucosa tissues. The expression of NUDT1 in OSCC cells and normal oral mucosal epithelial cells was detected by Western blotting. In addition, the expression of NUDT1 was down-regulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference. The effect of NUDT1 silencing on cell proliferation in OSCC cell lines CAL27 and HN30 was examined by CCK8 assay, and the effect of NUDT1 silencing on cell apoptosis was analyzed by immunofluorescence through an apoptosis kit.Results: Immunohistochemistry assay showed that NUDT1 expression was higher in OSCC tissues than that in normal oral mucosa tissues, and Western blotting assay revealed that NUDT1 expression was elevated in OSCC cells (CAL27 and HN30 cells) compared with that in normal oral mucosal epithelial cells (P<0.01). Inhibition of NUDT1 gene expression significantly inhibited the proliferation ability of OSCC cells (P<0.05), and promoted apoptosis of OSCC cells.Conclusion: NUDT1 expression was elevated in OSCC tissues, compared to that in normal oral mucosa tissues. Downregulation of NUDT1 was important for inhibiting the proliferation of OSCC cells and promoting apoptosis of OSCC cells.

Objective: To observe the application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region and its effect on labial bony plate and aesthetic effect. Methods: Seventy patients who underwent single maxillary anterior dental implant restoration in our department from September 2019 to September 2021 were selected for this study. The patients were randomly divided into control group (35 cases, immediate implantation) and observation group (35 cases, socket shield technique combined with immediate implantation) according to envelope method. The success rate, complication rate, absorption of labial bone plate, change of soft tissue height, aesthetic effect and satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: After 12 months of repair, the pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES) and satisfaction of the observation group were better than those of the control group (P<0.01), while the absorption of the labial bone plate and the change of soft tissue height were less than those of the control group (P<0.05). The success rate of the observation group was 97.14%, and the complication rate was 2.86%; the success rate of the control group was 94.29%, and the complication rate was 11.43%. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the success rate and the complication rate (P>0.05). Conclusion: The application of socket shield technique in immediate implantation of single tooth in maxillary anterior region can reduce the absorption amount of labial bone plate, reduce gingival atrophy, improve aesthetic effect, improve patient satisfaction, and it is safe and effective.

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and chitinase protein 40 (YKL-40) levels in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods: A total of 114 patients with OSCC admitted to our hospital from March 2017 to September 2020 were selected as the study objects (OSCC group), and 118 patients with benign tumor lesions in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Serum levels of NGAL and YKL-40 were detected by enzym-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic value of serum NGAL and YKL-40 levels in OSCC was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The prognosis of OSCC patients within 3 years after discharge was collected. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the relationship between serum NGAL and YKL-40 levels and 3-year prognosis of OSCC patients. Cox proportional risk regression model was used to analyze the risk factors affecting the 3-year prognosis of OSCC patients. Results: Serum NGAL and YKL-40 levels in OSCC group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) of serum NGAL, YKL-40 and combined OSCC were 0.716, 0.744 and 0.791, respectively, and the AUC of combined diagnosis was better than that of single detection (P=0.008, 0.047). There was no significant difference in the expression levels of serum NGAL and YKL-40 in OSCC patients with different age, gender, smoking history and disease site (P>0.05). The expression levels of serum NGAL and YKL-40 in patients with TNM stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ, tumor diameter ≥3 cm and lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those in patients with TNM stageⅠ to Ⅱ, tumor diameter <3 cm and no lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). The 3-year survival rate of patients with low expression of NGAL was higher than that of patients with high expression of NGAL, and the 3-year survival rate of patients with low expression of YKL-40 was higher than that of patients with high expression of YKL-40 (P<0.05). NGAL and YKL-40 were risk factors for the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.001). Conclusion: Serum levels of NGAL and YKL-40 were elevated in OSCC patients, both of which had certain diagnostic value for OSCC and were related to the prognosis of patients.

Objective: To observe the methylation and protein levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) in malignant pleomorphic adenoma (MPA) tissue and its clinical significance.Methods: A total of 55 cases of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (SPA), 24 cases of MPA, and 55 cases of normal glandular tissue from patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of GPX3 protein in tissues. Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) method was used to detect the degree of GPX3 methylation in tissues. The relationship between clinical pathological features and methylation was analyzed. Human malignant pleomorphic adenoma cell line SM-AP1 was selected and transfected with GPX3 overexpression vector and empty vector, and they were divided into Vector group and OE-GPX3 group. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used to detect GPX3 mRNA and protein expression. CCK8 was used to detect cell proliferation ability. Transwell chamber was used to detect cell invasion ability. Results: The positive rate of GPX3 protein in normal glandular tissues (90.9%, 50/55) was higher than that in SPA (56.4%, 31/55) and MPA (29.2%, 7/24) (P<0.001). The proportion of GPX3 protein methylation in normal glandular tissues (7.3%, 4/55) was lower than that in SPA tissues (34.5%, 19/55) and MPA tissues (66.7%, 16/24) (P<0.001). The methylation level of GPX3 was related to TNM stage, differentiation degree, and proportion of malignant components in MPA patients (P<0.05). The positive rate of GPX3 protein was related to TNM stage and the proportion of malignant components (P<0.05). Compared with the Vector group, the OE-GPX3 group showed a statistically significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of GXP3, optical density values at 48 and 72 hours, and the number of invasive cells were decreased, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: The GPX3 gene in MPA has a high degree of methylation initiation, which is negatively related to TNM stage, differentiation, and proportion of malignant components. It has the potential to become a warning molecular indicator for diagnosing malignant pleomorphic adenoma and a gene regulatory target in clinical treatment.

Objective: To analyze the expression of apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and cell lines and its correlations with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients.Methods: The expression of ALG2 in 5 pairs of fresh OSCC tissues, paracancerous normal tissues, OSCC cell lines and human oral keratinocytes (HOK) were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression levels of ALG2 in paraffin-embedded OSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues specimens of 128 patients with OSCC were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation of ALG2 expression in OSCC tissues with the clinicopathological features and survival time of patients were analyzed. The expression of ALG2 in OSCC tissues and its diagnostic, prognostic value were detected in TCGA database. Results: The expression of ALG2 in OSCC tissues and cell lines was significantly higher than those in paracancerous tissues and HOK cells (P<0.05). The overall survival, disease free survival and progression-free survival of OSCC patients in the group with low ALG2 expression were significantly higher than those in the ALG2 high expression group (P<0.05). T stage, lymphatic metastasis, and ALG2 expression were all factors affecting the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.05). ALG2 expression was an independent predictor of the prognosis of OSCC patients (P<0.01). ALG2 may have some diagnostic value for OSCC [area under the curve (AUC)=0.807]. Conclusion: ALG2 is highly expressed in OSCC and it is associated with unfavorable prognosis of the patients, and it may have some diagnostic value for OSCC.

Objective: To explore the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21) in the healing process of tooth extraction wounds in diabetic mice and the effect on migration and polarization of macrophages.Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were selected to construct a model of diabetes mellitus and the right maxillary first molar was removed. The changes of bone tissue at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after tooth extraction were observed and recorded by Micro-CT. The mRNA expression changes of p21, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) and the macrophage polarization markers in tissue samples were detected. In addition, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of p21 and CXCL14 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) stimulated by high glucose in vitro, and the cell migration experiment was used to observe the changes in the migration ability of macrophages RAW264.7. CXCL14 protein was used to stimulate macrophages for 24 h, and its effect on the polarization of macrophages was verified by RT-qPCR.Results: Compared with the control group, the healing process of the tooth extraction wound was delayed in the experimental group. The mRNA expression of p21 in tissue was significantly increased on the third day after surgery, and the mRNA expression of CXCL14 showed the same trend (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of M2 macrophage markers arginase-1 (ARG-1) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) in tooth extraction callus tissue of diabetic mice increased synchronously on the third day after surgery (P<0.01). After high glucose stimulation of hPDLFs, the mRNA expression levels of p21 and CXCL14 increased. CXCL14 can increase the migration ability of macrophages and promote the M2 phenotype transformation. The expression of CXCL14 mRNA in hPDLFs was decreased by using the p21 small molecule inhibitor UC2288.Conclusion: During the healing process of tooth extraction wounds in diabetic mice, hPDLFs with high expression of p21 can promote macrophage migration and M2 polarization by secreting CXCL14.

Objective: To retrospectively analyse a case of uncontrollable bleeding after supragingival scaling that occurred in May 2023 at the People's Hospital of Fengqing County, Yunnan Province. The prevention and management of uncontrollable bleeding caused by systemic factors after invasive oral procedures were discussed.Methods: A multidisciplinary consultation was conducted with the cardiology, pharmacy, and hematology-endocrinology departments. Local treatment included the application of levonordefrin tartrate and cold saline. Intravenous administration of vitamin K and tranexamic acid was also provided.Results: Hemostasis was achieved locally within 48 hours after admission. The patient's vital signs stabilized, and follow-up laboratory examinations showed no significant abnormalities.Conclusion: A thorough inquiry into the patient's medical history is essential before performing invasive oral procedures. For patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy, particularly those using multiple anticoagulants, multidisciplinary consultations can effectively guide treatment and reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding.

Objective: To research the role of zinc finger protein 260 (Zfp260) in osteoclast differentiation under the periodontitis microenvironment.Methods: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into the monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The transfected cells were induced into osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL） for 7 days. Differentiated cells were harvested for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression level of osteoclast differentiation-related genes. In vivo, experimental periodontitis models were established in Zfp260^flox/flox mice (Control group) and Zfp260^flox/flox Lyz2-cre^- myeloid cell conditional Zfp260-knockout mice (Zfp260^cko, Experimental group). The Micro-CT scan and histological staining were used to analyze alveolar bone resorption.Results: Zfp260 was up-regulated during osteoclast genesis. The knockdown of Zfp260 inhibited the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts, and the expression of osteoclast-related factors was down-regulated (P<0.05). In vivo, the bone resorption was significantly decreased on the experimental side in Zfp260^CKO mice.Conclusion: Zfp260 regulates the osteoclast differentiation ability, which will provide a new target for solving periodontitis.

During the growth, development, and injury repair processes of mammals, organelles undergo self-regulation through a series of complex regulatory mechanisms when subjected to interference from inside or outside, in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. This process is known as organelle stress response. The Golgi apparatus is a key organelle within the cell, not only participating in physiological activities such as the processing and modification of intracellular proteins, lipid metabolism, and vesicular transport, but also playing an important role in ion homeostasis and stress responses. Bone metabolism is an important and complex process for maintaining skeletal health, involving the coordinated action of various cells such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In this process, the stress response of the Golgi apparatus helps to maintain the intracellular homeostasis and physiological functions of bone cells. This article reviews the research progress on Golgi apparatus stress response, including its structure, function, triggering factors, signal transduction pathways, and its impact on the function of bone tissue cells, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of bone diseases.

Abnormalifies in the number of teeth is a common oral disease, which can be manifested as excessive number of teeth (supernumerary teeth) and insufficient number of teeth (congenitally missing teeth). The two conditions can occur alone or simultaneously in the same individual. Camilleri referred to this abnormality, which has both supernumerary teeth and congenital insufficient number of teeth as comcomitant hypodontia and hyperdontia (CHH). CHH is a rare disease. At present, the etiology is not clear, and the prevalence varies greatly, with the incidence in men being higher than in women. It can be associated with multiple syndromes and other dental abnormalities. Most of the research on GHH now is based on case reports. This article reviews its etiology, clinical feature, impacts, diagnosis and treatment principles by synthesizing the relevant studies at home and abroad.

Objective: To investigate the effects of LIM domain 7 (Lmo7) on chondrogenic differentiation, proliferation and migration of ATDC5 cells in vitro.Methods: Incubate ATDC5 cells in vitro, cell immunofluorescence was used to determine the location of Lmo7 in ATDC5 cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the genetic expression of Lmo7 during chondrogenic differentiation. ATDC5 cells was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to inhibit the genetic expression level of Lmo7, markers of chondrogenic differentiation were detected by RT-qPCR after chondrogenic induction. The effect of Lmo7 knockdown on proliferation was observed by CCK8 assay. Wound-healing assay was used to determine the effect of Lmo7 knockdown on migration.Results: Lmo7 is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of ATDC5 cells. After chondrogenic induction in vitro, Lmo7 upregulated significantly together with chondrogenic marker. After knockdown of Lmo7 by siRNA, chondrogenic marker SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (Sox9), type Ⅱ collagen (Col2) upregulated significantly. CCK8 assay showed that the proliferation of knockdown group was higher than that of control group. In wound-healing assay, the healing efficiency of knockdown group was lower than that of control group.Conclusion: Lmo7 is upregulated during chondrogenic differentiation in ATDC5 cells. Knockdown of Lmo7 leads to promotion of chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Inhibiting the expression level of Lmo7 promoted proliferation but inhibited migration of ATDC5 cells.

Objective: To investigate the effect of long intergenic non-coding RNA-EPS (lincRNA-EPS)/ microRNA (miRNA)-24-3p/ bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signal axis on enamel development in vitro. Methods: The overexpressed plasmid of lincRNA-EPS and miR-24-3p mimics were transfected into LS8 cells and their transfection efficiency was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes (AMELX, AMBN, AMTN, MMP20) and BMP2 after transfection. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of BMP2 after transfection. Independent sample t test was used for quantitative comparison between groups. Results: Fluorescence images under microscope and RT-qPCR results showed that lincRNA-EPS overexpression plasmid and miR-24-3p mimics were transfected successfully. The relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes and BMP2 as well as the protein expression of BMP2 were significantly increased after transfection with lincRNA-EPS overexpression plasmid, while the relative mRNA expression of amelogenesis-related genes and BMP2 as well as the protein expression of BMP2 were significantly decreased after transfection with miR-24-3p mimics. To a certain extent, lincRNA-EPS can inhibit the regulatory effect of miR-24-3p on BMP2, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Enamel development is regulated by lincRNA-EPS/miR-24-3p/BMP2 signal axis, and lincRNA-EPS can affect the inhibition of miR-24-3p on downstream BMP2 expression, thus promoting enamel development.