Objective: To explore the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21) in the healing process of tooth extraction wounds in diabetic mice and the effect on migration and polarization of macrophages.Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were selected to construct a model of diabetes mellitus and the right maxillary first molar was removed. The changes of bone tissue at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after tooth extraction were observed and recorded by Micro-CT. The mRNA expression changes of p21, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) and the macrophage polarization markers in tissue samples were detected. In addition, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of p21 and CXCL14 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) stimulated by high glucose in vitro, and the cell migration experiment was used to observe the changes in the migration ability of macrophages RAW264.7. CXCL14 protein was used to stimulate macrophages for 24 h, and its effect on the polarization of macrophages was verified by RT-qPCR.Results: Compared with the control group, the healing process of the tooth extraction wound was delayed in the experimental group. The mRNA expression of p21 in tissue was significantly increased on the third day after surgery, and the mRNA expression of CXCL14 showed the same trend (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of M2 macrophage markers arginase-1 (ARG-1) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) in tooth extraction callus tissue of diabetic mice increased synchronously on the third day after surgery (P<0.01). After high glucose stimulation of hPDLFs, the mRNA expression levels of p21 and CXCL14 increased. CXCL14 can increase the migration ability of macrophages and promote the M2 phenotype transformation. The expression of CXCL14 mRNA in hPDLFs was decreased by using the p21 small molecule inhibitor UC2288.Conclusion: During the healing process of tooth extraction wounds in diabetic mice, hPDLFs with high expression of p21 can promote macrophage migration and M2 polarization by secreting CXCL14.

Ectopic teeth are commonly found in the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity, while impacted third molars in the mandible are relatively rare. Cases of ectopic impaction of the third molar occurring in the condyle accompanied by dentigerous cysts are even rarer. This article reports a case of ectopic impacted third molar in the mandibular condyle with a dentigerous cyst, aiming to provide clinical doctors with diagnostic and treatment ideas for such conditions.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique that promotes new bone formation by gradually pulling apart bone segments using a specialized distraction device. Initially developed for orthopedic surgery, DO was introduced into craniofacial surgery in the 1990s and has since been widely applied in the treatment of mandibular hypoplasia and jaw defect reconstruction. This paper reviews the fundamental principles, technical aspects, indications, advantages, and disadvantages of mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and discusses different distraction modes, including unifocal, bifocal, and trifocal distraction. The advantages of DO include the avoidance of bone grafting, minimal surgical trauma, and simultaneous soft tissue expansion. However, its long treatment duration and associated complications remain challenges for broader clinical application. In the future, the integration of imaging navigation and artificial intelligence is expected to enhance surgical precision and treatment stability.

Objective: To investigate changes in mitophagy levels in bone tissue during periodontitis in mice and to explore the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mitophagy on the osteogenic differentiation capacity of mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells.Methods: A mouse periodontitis model was established using silk ligatures, and mice were divided into ligation and control groups. Micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were used to assess alveolar bone resorption. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes and mitophagy-related genes in the periodontal bone tissue. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to observe the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1) expression in the alveolar bone. For in vitro experiments, MC3T3-E1 cells were induced with LPS and divided into the control group and the LPS group. According to whether autophagy intervention was applied, MC3T3-E1 cells were further divided into the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) +LPS group, rapamycin (Rapa) +LPS group, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) +LPS group, and LPS group. Additionally, MC3T3-E1 cells were divided into the siPink1 group and the NC group based on whether Pink1 was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA). RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression levels of mitophagy-related and osteogenesis-related genes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to observe mitochondria and autophagosomes. IF staining was performed to examine changes in the expression of the mitophagy-related protein Pink1. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells in each group, respectively.Results: In vivo experiments showed that the silk ligation group exhibited significantly increased buccal alveolar bone resorption. The relative expression level of the mitophagy-related protein Pink1 was elevated in the bone tissue of the ligation group, along with increased relative mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related and mitophagy-related genes. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, after 14 days of osteogenic induction, compared with the control group, the LPS group showed significantly decreased relative mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes, weaker ALP staining, and smaller alizarin red staining areas. Compared with the control group, the LPS group exhibited significantly increased mRNA and protein expression levels of Pink1 and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin (Parkin) (related to mitophagy), while showing significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome 1 (P62) (related to autophagy); TEM observation revealed swollen and damaged mitochondria in the LPS group; IF staining results indicated a higher proportion of Pink1-positive cells in the LPS group compared with the control group. Compared with the DMSO+LPS group, the Rapa+LPS group displayed darker ALP staining and larger alizarin red staining areas in MC3T3-E1 cells. In contrast, the 3-MA+LPS group showed lighter ALP staining and smaller alizarin red staining areas compared with the LPS group. Compared with the NC group, the siPink1 group exhibited decreased relative mRNA expression levels of autophagy- and osteogenesis-related genes, lighter ALP staining, and smaller alizarin red staining areas.Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, LPS stimulation of MC3T3-E1 cells led to increased relative expression levels of mitophagy-related genes Pink1 and Parkin. Activation of autophagy can partially restore the osteogenic differentiation capacity of cells.

Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is a combined surgical-orthodontic treatment modality primarily used to address severe maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) and dental arch constriction. SARME has undergone continuous refinement and optimization, becoming an essential therapeutic strategy in orthognathic treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the developmental trajectory of SARME, encompassing its surgical techniques, clinical efficacy, and potential complications. The review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an updated perspective on SARME's evolving paradigm and propose future research directions.

The periosteum, a connective tissue layer covering bone surfaces, possesses excellent bone regeneration capabilities and serves as the primary reservoir of stem cells for bone repair. This review summarizes the organizational structure and physiological functions of the periosteum, with a focus on the cell markers and biological characteristics of periosteal stem cells (PSCs). In recent years, utilizing techniques such as single-cell sequencing, different subsets have been identified, and their good proliferation and multilineage differentiation potential have been revealed. The biological functions of PSCs are regulated by complex molecular signals. There may be interactions between different signals to orchestrate periosteal stem cell activities. Additionally, this review outlines the prospective applications of PSCs in bone tissue engineering. Future investigations should prioritize exploring the heterogeneity of PSCs and exploring the application of different PSCs subsets in both tissue engineering and clinical settings.

The development, homeostasis maintenance, and damage repair of the skeletal system require continuous proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Although studies on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have accumulated substantial evidence over the past decades, the definition and markers of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) remain controversial. Recent advances in lineage tracing and bioinformatics technologies have facilitated the purification and functional investigation of SSCs. This review systematically summarizes different SSC populations based on their origins and markers, as well as their functions in skeletal development and repair.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the structural basis of mandibular movements, but its poor self-repairing ability makes the cartilage and bone defects hard to regenerate under pathological conditions. Adult mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs）have become a research hotspot in the tissue repairing of the TMJ due to their ability to differentiate toward chondrocytes and osteocytes. This article will focus on adult MSCs in the TMJ and review their recent research progress.

Objective: To retrospectively analyse a case of uncontrollable bleeding after supragingival scaling that occurred in May 2023 at the People's Hospital of Fengqing County, Yunnan Province. The prevention and management of uncontrollable bleeding caused by systemic factors after invasive oral procedures were discussed.Methods: A multidisciplinary consultation was conducted with the cardiology, pharmacy, and hematology-endocrinology departments. Local treatment included the application of levonordefrin tartrate and cold saline. Intravenous administration of vitamin K and tranexamic acid was also provided.Results: Hemostasis was achieved locally within 48 hours after admission. The patient's vital signs stabilized, and follow-up laboratory examinations showed no significant abnormalities.Conclusion: A thorough inquiry into the patient's medical history is essential before performing invasive oral procedures. For patients on long-term anticoagulant therapy, particularly those using multiple anticoagulants, multidisciplinary consultations can effectively guide treatment and reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding.

Bone is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous bone remodeling throughout life to maintain bone homeostasis. Amino acids are the basic units of proteins, which play an important role in the regulation of material metabolism and information transfer, and amino acid metabolism is closely related to bone remodeling and the development of osteoporosis. Therefore, elucidating their linkages is not only essential for a full understanding of bone biology, but also helps to clarify the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and explore new therapeutic targets. In this paper, the research progress on the role of amino acid metabolism in bone remodeling and osteoporosis is reviewed.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, accounting for 90% of all oral cancers. The disease is prone to recurrence, invasion, and metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50%–60%. The invasive front of OSCC is a critical region for tumor recurrence and metastasis, characterized by high heterogeneity and aggressiveness. Metabolic reprogramming in this area drives malignant progression and offers potential targets for the development of imaging biomarkers. This review summarizes the metabolic features of the invasive front and their underlying molecular mechanisms, with a focus on how aberrant activation of pathways such as glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism promotes tumor cell migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Additionally, it discusses the translational applications of metabolic traits at the OSCC invasive front as imaging biomarkers, including the application value of spatial metabolomics, Raman spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) in predicting tumor boundaries and visualizing metabolic profiles of the invasive front. In the future, integrating multi-omics data with imaging analysis may facilitate the development of clinical translation pathways based on metabolic markers of the invasive front, thereby providing new strategies for precise diagnosis, surgical navigation, and prognosis evaluation of OSCC, and advancing precision diagnosis and treatment for OSCC at the level of small-molecule metabolites.

Objective: To investigate the effects of catalpol on rat Schwann cell (RSC) and establish a catalpol/methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel, followed by in vitro evaluation of its biocompatibility and antioxidant properties.Methods: First, the optimal concentration of catalpol for acting on RSC96 cell (rat Schwann cell line) was determined through CCK8 assay. Subsequently, the effects of catalpol on RSC96 cell migration were analyzed by using scratch assay and Transwell assay. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess catalpol's influence on mRNA expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). An oxidative stress model was established using H₂O₂, and catalpol's antioxidant capacity was evaluated through CCK8 assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. Finally, the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, antioxidant capacity of catalpol/GelMA hydrogel, along with its effects on RSC96 cell proliferation, were systematically investigated.Results: The optimal concentration of catalpol in GelMA for acting on RSC96 cells was determined to be 10 μmol/L. At this concentration, catalpol significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of RSC96 cell, upregulated mRNA expression levels of GFAP, NGF, BDNF and GDNF, and attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in RSC96 cells. The constructed catalpol/GelMA hydrogel demonstrated excellent capability for RSC96 cell encapsulation and exhibited favorable biocompatibility. Furthermore, it effectively enhanced RSC96 cell proliferation and exerted protective effects against H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity.Conclusion: Catalpol/GelMA hydrogel has good in vitro cell biocompatibility and antioxidant properties.

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestation, imaging features, treatment methods, and prognostic characteristics of paradental cyst (PC), providing reference and basis for clear diagnosis.Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical data of 10 patients with PC treated at the Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University between September 2016 and September 2022 was performed, including clinical manifestations, imaging features, pathological results, treatment methods and prognosis.Results: Among the 10 patients with PC, 8 were male and 2 were female, with an average age of 34.9 years. A total of nine cases occurred in the mandible (five cases involving 48 teeth, four cases involving 38 teeth); one case occurred in the maxilla, involving 18 teeth. Four cases had a partial eruption of affected teeth, while six cases had no eruption of affected teeth. Seven patients presented with symptoms such as swelling and pain, while three had no clinical symptoms. All patients underwent surgical treatment, including curettage of the lesion and extraction of relevant teeth. Follow-up for 1-5 years after surgery showed no recurrence.Conclusion: PC is a type of inflammatory root cyst that mainly occurs in the third molar area of the lower jaw. On imaging, it presents a clear crescent-shaped transmission shadow. Swelling and pain are the most common clinical manifestations, and the prognosis of surgical treatment is good.

Objective: To investigate the effect of early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) by regulating long non-coding RNA human leukocyte antigen complex group 11 (lnc-HCG11) and wingless/β-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin) pathway.Methods: The expression levels of EGR1 and lnc-HCG11 were changed in hPDLSCs through gene overexpression and interference assays, while the activation level of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was altered by the β-catenin inhibitor IWR-1. Subsequently, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting experiments were conducted to validate the intervention effect. After osteogenic induction, RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of osteogenic genes runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), collagen type Ⅰα 1 (COL1A1), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and alizarin red staining was used to detect the mineralization level of cells.Results: The overexpression of EGR1 was observed to promote the expression of lnc-HCG11 in hPDLSCs, while the overexpression of lnc-HCG11 promoted the expression levels of RUNX2, COL1A1, OPN, OCN, and mineralization in hPDLSCs. The pro-osteogenic effect of EGR1 was inhibited by silencing lnc-HCG11, while treatment with IWR-1 suppressed the expression of active β-catenin and weakened the pro-osteogenic effect of lnc-HCG11 on hPDLSCs.Conclusion: EGR1 promotes osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by activating the lnc-HCG11/Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Objective: To explore the imaging features and clinical significance of the white blocking line appearing on the newly formed maxillary sinus floor surface after lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation.Methods: A total of 41 patients who had lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation and bone grafting were followed up for 8 to 64 months. Cone beam CT (CBCT) was used to observe the changes in the bone grafts. Systemic information (such as smoking, diabetes) and local conditions (such as sinus membrane thickening or maxillary sinus cyst) were recorded.Results: A total of 45 sinuses in 41 patients had lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation and received bone grafting. Among them, 6 sinuses in 6 patients (with an incidence rate of 13.3%) showed the imaging changes of the white blocking line on the newly formed maxillary sinus floor surface (this radiographic feature is hereinafter referred to as the "analogous bony white line", and the formed structure is hereinafter referred to as the "cortical-like structure"). The formation time of the cortical-like structure is 10 to 36 months after the operation. In 2 patients, the formation of the cortical-like structure was detected 10 months after the operation, and the thickening of the cortical-like structure was observed at 26 months and 30 months after the operation respectively.Conclusion: After lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation, in some cases, the cortical-like structure will appear on the newly formed surface of the maxillary sinus floor during the process of osseointegration, with progressive thickening over time.

The influence of component composition, pore size, porosity, and mechanical properties of bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds on bone regeneration has been extensively studied. However, there is currently a lack of research on the impact of multi-scale structural design on bone regeneration. With the advancement of biomimetic technology, mimicking the multi-scale structures of natural materials presents a promising strategy to enhance the mechanical performance and biological activity of BTE scaffolds and facilitate bone regeneration. As such, this review provides a summary of recent advances in biomimetic structural materials utilized in BTE scaffolds, discussing future development opportunities and challenges with the aim of inspiring the design of BTE scaffolds with superior properties.

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) could reduce the amount of required bone graft and the complexity of the augmentation procedure during the consequent implant placement. Although ARP is an effective way to reduce bone resorption, there is still controversy about the surgical method and timing of surgery. This article systematically reviewed ARP procedure in terms of material selection, clinical procedure, clinical efficacy, prognostic factors, treatment decision trees, and postoperative complications.

Intraosseous mucoepidermoid carcinoma (IMC) is a rare malignant tumor of the jawbones and a rare subtype of salivary gland neoplasms. The pathogenesis of IMC remains unclear. Clinically, it needs to be differentiated from other jaw lesions such as odontogenic jaw cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumors, ameloblastomas, and central squamous cell carcinomas of the jaws. Radical surgery is considered the optimal treatment. This article reports a case of well-differentiated IMC of the mandible and discusses its clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options based on relevant literature.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of temporomandibular joint disc anchorage (DA) on the surface electromyography (sEMG) characteristics of the masticatory muscles and its clinical outcome.Methods: A total of twenty-three patients with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR) who underwent temporomandibular joint disc anchorage (DA) between December 2022 and January 2024 were collected to compare their preoperative, 3-month postoperative, and 6-month postoperative maximal interincisal opening (MIO), visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, mandibular border movement (BM) distance, and sEMG of anterior temporalis (TA) and masseter muscle (MM).Results: Patients' MIO increased at 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05), BM distance did not change significantly, VAS scores during wide mouth opening and in the preauricular region decreased compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05). In unilateral DA patients, the mean amplitude of TA sEMG was higher at 6 months postoperatively than that at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the mean MM sEMG amplitude was elevated on the non-operative side compared with preoperative and 3-month postoperative levels, and was reduced on the operative side compared with 3-month postoperative levels. The non-operative side showed higher amplitude than the operative side both preoperative and 6 months postoperatively, and lower amplitude at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). In bilateral DA patients, the mean TA sEMG amplitude decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels (P<0.05), and the mean MM sEMG amplitude decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared with preoperative levels, but increased and was higher than the preoperative levels at 6 months postoperatively (P<0.05).Conclusion: DA can reduce the pain of ADDwoR patients, improve the mandibular motor function, and make the sEMG tend to be balanced and stable, with good clinical efficacy.

Self-seeding, a distinct biological behavior of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), is prevalent in many malignant tumors and closely linked to tumor progression. While most research focuses on the relationship between CTCs and distant metastasis, the understanding of the biological impact of CTCs self-seeding on tumor initiation and local progression remains limited. This article reviews the role of CTCs in tumor progression via self-seeding, providing a new perspective for exploring the mechanisms underlying malignant tumor development.

Objective: To investigate the formation of stress granule (SG) in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under stress, and its effect on the apoptosis, the expression of inflammatory factors, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.Methods: Sodium arsenite (SA) was used to induce SG formation in hPDLCs, and immunofluorescence staining was used to quantify SG formation. Live and dead cell staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the localization and expression of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) in hPDLCs to evaluate the effect of SG formation on apoptosis. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression changes of inflammatory-related cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) during LPS stimulation. ROS detection was used to assess the effect of SG on LPS-induced ROS levels of hPDLCs.Results: SA successfully induced SG formation in hPDLCs. The results of immunofluorescence staining showed that Caspase-3 was localized in SG, which significantly inhibited the apoptosis of hPDLCs. RT-qPCR results indicated that SG could downregulate the mRNA relative expression of LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines in hPDLCs. ROS detection showed that SG inhibited LPS-induced ROS generation in hPDLCs.Conclusion: SG can protect hPDLCs from stress-induced apoptosis and inhibit the expression of LPS-triggered inflammatory-related factors and ROS generation.

Objective: To research the role of zinc finger protein 260 (Zfp260) in osteoclast differentiation under the periodontitis microenvironment.Methods: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into the monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The transfected cells were induced into osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL） for 7 days. Differentiated cells were harvested for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression level of osteoclast differentiation-related genes. In vivo, experimental periodontitis models were established in Zfp260^flox/flox mice (Control group) and Zfp260^flox/flox Lyz2-cre^- myeloid cell conditional Zfp260-knockout mice (Zfp260^cko, Experimental group). The Micro-CT scan and histological staining were used to analyze alveolar bone resorption.Results: Zfp260 was up-regulated during osteoclast genesis. The knockdown of Zfp260 inhibited the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts, and the expression of osteoclast-related factors was down-regulated (P<0.05). In vivo, the bone resorption was significantly decreased on the experimental side in Zfp260^CKO mice.Conclusion: Zfp260 regulates the osteoclast differentiation ability, which will provide a new target for solving periodontitis.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of kangfuxin liquid combined with metronidazole in patients with impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) extraction. Methods: A total of 100 patients who underwent IMTM extraction surgery at our hospital from January 2022 to May 2023 were enrolled. They were divided into 3 groups according to different wound treatment regimens: Group A (packing with gelatin sponge) with 34 cases; Group B (kangfuxin liquid + gelatin sponge) with 30 cases; Group C (kangfuxin liquid + metronidazole + gelatin sponge) with 36 cases. The clinical data of the patients were collected. The chi-square test was used to compare granulation tissue coverage rates, dry socket syndrome and the incidence of complications 7 days after surgery. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the number of patients with limited opening 24 hours after surgery. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 24 hours after surgery, degree of facial swelling 24 hours after surgery, healing time of alveolar socket, height of alveolar bone, gray value of bone mineral density, width of alveolar bone, generic quality of life inventory-74 (GQOLI-74) scores. Results: Compared with group A, the VAS scores, the degree of facial swelling, the number of patients with grade Ⅲ limited opening 24 hours after the operation in Group B, and the healing time of the alveolar socket, the complete coverage rate of granulation tissue in the alveolar socket 7 days after the operation were significantly improved (P<0.05). Group C was superior to Group A and Group B in all the above indicators (P<0.05). The incidence of dry socket and other complications in Group B were lower than those in group A (P<0.05), while those in Group C were lower than those in both Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Three months after the operation, the alveolar bone heights in all three groups were lower than those before the operation (P<0.05), but those in Group B and Group C were higher than those in Group A (P<0.05). The gray values of bone mineral density were all higher than those before the operation (P<0.05), among which Group B was higher than Group A, and Group C was higher than both Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Seven days after the operation, the GQOLI-74 scores of all three groups were higher than those before the operation (P<0.05). The GQOLI-74 score of Group B was higher than that of Group A, and that of Group C was higher than that of Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Conclusion: Kangfuxin liquid combined with metronidazole can effectively promote the recovery of patients after IMTM extraction, prevent the occurrence of complications such as dry socket, and reduce the alveolar bone absorption to some extent.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the transverse incision technique for harvesting forearm flaps on donor-site function and appearance.Methods: A total of twelve patients with oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects who underwent forearm flap harvesting using the transverse subcutaneous tunnel technique at our hospital between July 2020 and July 2023 were included. Postoperative flap survival was observed. Six months after surgery, hand motor function (finger extension, fist clenching, wrist rotation, and flexion) and sensory function were assessed for any limitations or abnormalities. Patient satisfaction with the forearm donor-site appearance was evaluated through a self-reported questionnaire.Results: The flap survival rate was 100% (12/12). Two patients experienced numbness and tingling in the hand one week postoperatively, but symptoms resolved within three months. At 6-month postoperative follow-up, none of the patients exhibited motor or sensory dysfunction in the hand. Patients reported high satisfaction with the donor-site appearance, with an average satisfaction score of 8.9 on the questionnaire.Conclusion: The transverse incision technique for forearm flap harvesting ensures reliable flap viability without leaving long, conspicuous longitudinal scars. This method minimizes surgical trauma, shortens donor-site healing time, and represents a dependable approach for reconstructing oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of implant placement guided by dynamic navigation by comparing digital intraoral scanning (IOS) with the traditional cone beam CT (CBCT)-based method, and to provide further evidence for the feasibility of using IOS as an evaluation tool.Methods: Sixty mandibular resin models were printed, and 2 implants (31 and 36) were placed in each model using dynamic computer-aided implant surgery. One hundred and twenty implants were placed. Postoperatively, the achieved implant positions were assessed using both CBCT and IOS. The implant deviations were then measured by importing the data into an accuracy analysis software.Results: Significant differences between CBCT and IOS were observed in global coronal and angular deviations (P<0.01), but not for the other deviations. The differences between the two methods were statistically significant for the global coronal, lateral coronal, and angular deviations (P<0.01) at site 31, and for the vertical coronal, vertical apical, and angular deviations (P<0.05) at site 36.Conclusion: The accuracy of the IOS-based evaluation method for measuring implant accuracy is consistent with that of the conventional CBCT assessment method and meets the clinical requirements. However, further clinical study is required to confirm the accuracy and feasibility of this method.

This article reports a clinical case of using autogenous tooth bone graft combined with concentrated growth factor (CGF) to treat bone defects after jaw cyst surgery. Postoperative follow-up imaging showed satisfactory bone formation in the surgical area, confirming that autogenous tooth bone graft combined with CGF can serve as an ideal filling material for bone defects after jaw cyst surgery, with good therapeutic effects and promotional value in clinical practice.

Neurotrophin receptor kinase (NTRK)-rearranged spindle cell tumor is a new and rare soft tissue tumor. This article reports a case of NTRK-rearranged spindle cell tumor in the left cheek and aims to improve awareness of the disease and reduce clinical misdiagnosis.

In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought about transformative technological advancements in the field of dental defect restoration. AI has significantly enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of personalized restoration, driving the transition of dental rehabilitation from traditional methods toward digital and intelligent solutions. However, certain technical challenges remain that limit its effective translation into clinical practice. This review summarizes the current applications and unresolved issues of AI in the field of dental prosthodontics, aiming to provide insights for clinical reference.

Objective: To investigate the expression levels of lumican (LUM) and fibromodulin (FMOD) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues, and their correlation with the prognosis of OSCC patients.Methods: A total of 30 fresh OSCC tissues and 30 normal tissues were detected by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The 50 paraffin-embedded samples of OSCC and 9 paraffin-embedded samples of normal oral mucosa were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation of LUM and FMOD expressions in OSCC tissues was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis.Results: The protein and mRNA expression levels of LUM and FMOD in the OSCC tissue were significantly higher than those in the normal tissues (P<0.001). However, there was no difference in the protein and mRNA levels of both LUM and FMOD in OSCC tissues of different degrees of differentiation (P>0.05). IHC results suggested significantly increased expression of LUM and FMOD in OSCC tissues, which were correlated with both tumor clinical staging (P<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between the expression of LUM and FMOD in OSCC tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that overall survival rate (OS) and tumor-specific survival rate (TSS) of patients with high LUM and FMOD expression levels were lower than those of patients with low expression levels. The Cox regression model showed that the expression of LUM and FMOD and clinical staging can be used as independent factors for predicting the prognosis of OSCC patients.Conclusion: The expressions of LUM and FMOD in OSCC are significantly increased, which may play a promoting role in the development of OSCC and suggest the prognosis of patients with OSCC.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effect of the modified socket-shield technique (MSST) in the immediate implant placement of single teeth in the anterior esthetic zone, and to discuss the related technical points. Methods: Five cases of immediate implant placement using MSST in the anterior esthetic zone from December 2022 to December 2023 were reviewed. The alveolar bone remodeling around implants was evaluated by imaging analysis. The esthetic effect of peri-implant soft tissue was evaluated by pink esthetic score (PES). The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the patients' subjective evaluation of the postoperative reaction (pain, swelling, etc.), the final repair effect and the whole treatment process. Results: Radiographic analysis showed that all implant sites achieved good osseointegration. The average vertical change of the labial alveolar bone of the implant at 6 months postoperatively was (0.18±0.15) mm. The average horizontal changes of labial alveolar bone at 2, 4, and 6 mm apical to the implant shoulder were (0.39±0.17), (0.18±0.23), (0.22±0.18) mm, respectively. The average change of alveolar bone width at implant shoulder level was (0.10±0.10) mm. The average PES score was (12.40±1.34) points, and satisfactory esthetic results were obtained in all implant sites. The VAS score showed that the subjective satisfaction of patients was high. Conclusion: The application of MSST in immediate implant placement in the anterior aesthetic area can effectively maintain the bone volume and soft tissue contour around the implant, and is a feasible technical solution for aesthetic area implant restoration.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, diagnosis and treatment of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type (ENKTL-NT), and to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of clinicians.Methods: A case of palatal mucosa with a midline symmetry ulcer was followed up and ENKTL-NT was discussed, and analyzed in combination with literature.Results: After multiple biopsies were taken and the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient's condition was obviously improved by combined treatment. During nine months of postoperative follow-up, the patient died.Conclusion: ENKTL-NT is rare for stomatologists, and its clinical features are complex. Biopsy is often difficult to confirm the diagnosis. It is necessary to implement repeated multi-site biopsy strategies to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Objective: To investigate the effect of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) gene on the polarization of mouse macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Mouse monocyte line RAW264.7 cells were cultured in vitro and induced by polarization, and the expression level of NAT10 was observed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The NAT10 inhibitor Remodelin hydrobromide was used to inhibit the expression of NAT10, and its effect on the polarization of RAW264.7 cells was observed. A model of periodontitis was established using silk thread ligation, while Remodelin hydrobromide was injected simultaneously. The mice were randomly divided into control group, periodontitis group, control medication group and periodontitis medication group. After 7 days, their mandibles were taken for RT-qPCR, micro-CT analysis and histological staining. Results: NAT10 was highly expressed in mouse M2 macrophages. Compared with the control group, the periodontitis group showed decreased NAT10 expression in alveolar bone tissue, along with reduced proportions of NAT10-positive cells in the furcation area and lower percentages of NAT10/F4/80 double-positive cells. The concentration gradient experiment showed that 10 μmol/L Remodelin hydrobromide had the best inhibition efficiency. After adding Remodelin hydrobromide, the expression of M1 macrophage-associated genes increased and M2 macrophage-associated genes decreased in RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of NAT10 expression enhanced alveolar bone destruction in a mouse model of periodontitis; the proportion of CD86-positive cells at the root bifurcation increased; the proportion of CD163-positive cells decreased. Conclusion: The expression of NAT10 significantly increased in RAW264.7 cells after M2 polarization, and significantly decreased in the mouse periodontitis alveolar bone. Inhibiting the expression of NAT10 can promote M1 polarization of macrophages, inhibit M2 polarization, and notably exacerbate alveolar bone destruction in mice with periodontitis.

Periodontitis often leads to irreversible damage, and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) remains the primary therapeutic strategy for reconstructing lost hard tissue and periodontal attachment. However, current GTR membranes still face multiple limitations in complex clinical applications, highlighting the urgent need for the development of advanced GTR membranes with improved performance. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in GTR membranes from four key aspects, aiming to provide insights and perspectives for the future improvement and innovation of GTR membrane design.

Objective: To study the effect of pedicle composite tissue flap transplantation combined with fractional laser (FL) therapy in the cosmetic restoration of patients with moderate to severe burns of the head and face.Methods: A total of 82 patients with moderate to severe burns on the head and face, who attended our hospital from May 2018 to May 2023, were selected and divided into the control group and the research group, 41 cases each, using a statistical randomization method. The control group underwent pedicle composite tissue flap transplantation, while the research group received pedicle composite tissue flap transplantation combined with FL therapy. The intervention effect, flap survival rate, skin healing time, skin elasticity score, luster score, scar score, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Additionally, the number of adverse reaction cases (infection, hematoma, flap contracture, wound dehiscence) was recorded.Results: After the intervention, the research group was higher than the control group in terms of total treatment efficiency, flap survival rate, skin elasticity score, luster score, and scar score (P<0.05); the research group was shorter than the control group in terms of skin healing time (P<0.05); the research group was lower than the control group in terms of serum TNF-α and IL-8 levels (P<0.05); and the research group was less than the control group in terms of the number of cases of adverse reactions (P<0.05).Conclusion: The combination of pedicle composite tissue flap transplantation and FL therapy improves cosmetic restoration in patients with moderate to severe burns of the head and face, accelerates skin healing, reduces inflammatory irritation, and decreases adverse reactions, demonstrating significant clinical application value.

From January 2017 to May 2023, our institution treated 46 patients with zygomatic-arch fractures using a periorbital mini-incision approach. Titanium plate systems were employed for rigid internal fixation in all cases. Postoperative evaluations confirmed anatomical reduction in all 46 patients. Follow-up results demonstrated that all patients achieved satisfactory facial contour recovery with no significant scar formation and excellent incision healing. This study summarizes and analyzes our clinical experience in treating these cases.

Objective: To investigate the application and efficacy of a temporary screw and steel wire traction technique during reduction surgery for mandibular condylar neck fractures. Methods: A total of eight patients with condylar neck fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation in our department between June 2023 and May 2024 were selected for this study. The operative time for condylar fracture reduction was recorded, and postoperative follow-up was conducted for six months to assess the recovery of mouth opening and occlusal relationships. Results: All patients successfully underwent surgery, with an average reduction and fixation time of 50 minutes. At the six-month follow-up, significant improvements in mouth opening and occlusal relationships were observed. Conclusion: The temporary screw and steel wire traction technique effectively facilitates the reduction of mandibular condylar neck fractures, and its operation is less restricted by the surgical approach for condylar fractures.

Dental implantation has revolutionized the traditional prosthetic approach to tooth loss and is regarded as the optimal solution for replacing missing teeth and restoring oral function and aesthetics. With the swift development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and its profound integration with oral implantology, a growing number of studies have begun to explore the application of AI in the field of oral implantology, covering multiple aspects such as auxiliary diagnosis, treatment planning and surgical robotics. This review systematically introduces the multi-dimensional progress of AI in the digital and intelligent transformation of oral implantology in recent years and provides an outlook on its potential and research value.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with an unknown etiology. It can involve multiple organs/systems. This is a clinical report presenting surgical treatment and reconstruction with a vascularized fibular musculocutaneous flap in an adult patient with mandibular LCH. The patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI) after surgery. Based on relevant literature, the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment strategies of LCH are systematically discussed in this article.

Objective: To investigate whether long intergenic non-coding RNA-EPS (lincRNA-EPS) affects microglial inflammatory response induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (P.g-LPS). Methods: Mouse microglia cell lines (BV-2 cells) were stimulated with P.g-LPS in vitro and the expression changes of lincRNA-EPS were detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). BV-2 cells were transfected with plasmids to construct lincRNA-EPS overexpressed BV-2 cells. The effects of lincRNA-EPS overexpression on P.g-LPS-induced migration ability of BV-2 cells were observed by cell scratch assay, and the expression changes of inflammation-related genes interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase-1 (Arg1), nuclear factor kappa B protein family member p65 (NF-κB p65) and phosphorylated p65 (pp65) were detected by RT‐ qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. The subcellular localization of p65 in BV-2 cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results: The expression of lincRNA-EPS was down-regulated after in vitro P.g-LPS induction of BV-2 cells (P<0.05). Overexpression of lincRNA-EPS significantly inhibited the P.g-LPS-induced migration of BV-2 cells and the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS (P<0.05). In contrast, the expression of Arg1 was up-regulated at resting state (P<0.05). After overexpression of lincRNA-EPS, the expression of total p65 in BV-2 cells was not significantly changed, while the p65 in the nucleus and pp65 expression were decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that lincRNA-EPS can attenuate the inflammatory response of BV-2 cells stimulated by P.g-LPS in vitro by inhibiting the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65.

Objective: To screen and identify key genes associated with prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: The clinical data and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of HNSCC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were randomly divided into training set (cohortⅠ, n=228) and validation set (cohortⅡ, n=98). The prognostic seed genes were determined using random survival forest (RSF) models and Cox proportional hazards models, and the key genes related to prognosis were further screened using a forward selection modes. The survival risk scoring system was constructed using the selected key genes, and these genes were subsequently validated and subjected to bioinformatics analysis. The expression of the key genes was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the human oral epithelial keratinocytes (HOK cell line) and the human tongue squamous carcinoma cell (CAL27 cell line). Results: Twelve prognosis-related key genes were identified. Patients in the high-risk group had a significantly poorer prognosis than those in the low-risk group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.19 in CohortⅡ (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression level of the key genes between the HOK cell line and the CAL27 cell line (P<0.05). Conclusion: Twelve key genes affecting the prognosis of HNSCC patients were identified through a machine learning model and may serve as prognostic biomarkers for HNSCC.